CARBOHYDRATES

Polarity

Simple carbohydrates are small polar molecules containing -OH functional groups

Hydrophilic

Biological functions

Energy production

Assisting in lipid metabolism

Building macromolecules

Energy storage

Composed of

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Linkage

Glycosidic linkages

Type of bond that joins a carb molecule to another group, which may or not be another carb

Functional groups

Carbonyl

Hydroxyl

Four types of energy storages

Starch

Amylose

Alpha 1-4 glucose molecules

Amylopectin

Alpha 1-6 glucose molecules

Chitin

Beta glucose polymer, rare carbohydrate includes nitrogen

Cellulose

Beta glucose polymer with a lot of hydrogen bonding

Glycogen

Contains alpha glucose molecules

Just like starch; amylopectin but more branches

Types of Carbs

Functional Carbohydrates

Sugar alcohols

Derived from sugars, used as substitutes

Glycoproteins

Composed of protein attach to carbohydrate chains

Cell recognition and signaling

Complex Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Long chain of monosaccharide units

Fiber

Found in plants that humans cannot digest

Soluble fiber

Dissolves in water

Ex: pectin and gums

Insoluble fiber

Does not dissolve in water

Ex: cellulose and lignin

Glycogen

Stored in animals (liver, muscles) for energy storage

Starch

Found in plants, composed of glucose units. Energy source for humans

Oligosaccharides

3-10 monosaccharide chain units

Ex: raffinose, stachyose

Simple Carbohydrates

Disaccharides

Composed of two monosaccharides

Ex: Sucrose (glucose, fructose), lactose (glucose, galactose), maltose (glucose, glucose)

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules

Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose