CARBOHYDRATES
Polarity
Simple carbohydrates are small polar molecules containing -OH functional groups
Hydrophilic
Biological functions
Energy production
Assisting in lipid metabolism
Building macromolecules
Energy storage
Composed of
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Linkage
Glycosidic linkages
Type of bond that joins a carb molecule to another group, which may or not be another carb
Functional groups
Carbonyl
Hydroxyl
Four types of energy storages
Starch
Amylose
Alpha 1-4 glucose molecules
Amylopectin
Alpha 1-6 glucose molecules
Chitin
Beta glucose polymer, rare carbohydrate includes nitrogen
Cellulose
Beta glucose polymer with a lot of hydrogen bonding
Glycogen
Contains alpha glucose molecules
Just like starch; amylopectin but more branches
Types of Carbs
Functional Carbohydrates
Sugar alcohols
Derived from sugars, used as substitutes
Glycoproteins
Composed of protein attach to carbohydrate chains
Cell recognition and signaling
Complex Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Long chain of monosaccharide units
Fiber
Found in plants that humans cannot digest
Soluble fiber
Dissolves in water
Ex: pectin and gums
Insoluble fiber
Does not dissolve in water
Ex: cellulose and lignin
Glycogen
Stored in animals (liver, muscles) for energy storage
Starch
Found in plants, composed of glucose units. Energy source for humans
Oligosaccharides
3-10 monosaccharide chain units
Ex: raffinose, stachyose
Simple Carbohydrates
Disaccharides
Composed of two monosaccharides
Ex: Sucrose (glucose, fructose), lactose (glucose, galactose), maltose (glucose, glucose)
Monosaccharides
Single sugar molecules
Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose