dna

Watson and crick

Discovered the structure of the x2 Helix

Gregor Mendal

discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance

pea pod experiment

co-dominance

the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed, the offspring will have traits that are emit her dominant nor recessive of one another.

incomplete dominance

one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over another allele

Dihybrid cross

mating between 2 different first generation individuals that differ in 2 traits of particular interest

SsYy x SsYy

Monohybrid Cross

mating between 2 different alleles at one genetic locus of interest

Aa x Aa

Rosalind Franklin

responsible for much of the work/research that led to the discovery of the double helix

a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

a sugar that is a constituent of nucleic acids

a bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino acid group of the adjacent amino acid

amino acids

are used to make protein

chromatin

the combination or complex of DNA and proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus of a cell

chromosome

It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences

mitosis

the process in which the chromosomes in the cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus

meiosis

a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

use the amino acids to make protein

RNA Polymerase

an enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA and it is necessary for constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates which is called transcription

DNA transcription

a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase

splicing

a modification of the nascent pre-messenger RNA transcript in which introns are removed and exons are joined

any biological cell forming the body of an organism

the process of producing two identical replicas from one original DNA molecule

unpackage an organism's genes

monomers or subunits of nucleic acids like DNA & RNA

purine

Adenine

Guanine

pyrimidine

Thymine

Cytosine

hydrogen bonds

connects A to T and C to G

mutation

a change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extra chromosomal genetic element. it is random and can be for the better or the worst

DNA Polymerase

enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides and they are the building blocks of DNA

codon

the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins by living cells

genetic code

central dogma

an explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system

anti-codon

tRNA

an adaptor molecule composed of RNA

introns

any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing while the final mature RNA product of a gene is being generated

exon

any nucleotide sequence encoded by a gene that remains present within the final mature RNA product of that gene after introns have been removed RNA splicing

holds the dna which holds the data for amino acids

ribosomes

cell organelles that consist of RNA and proteins and they are responsible for assembling the proteins of the cell

translation

the process where celluar ribosomes make proteins

nitrogenous base

bond nucleic acids together

the genetic makeup of a cell, an organism, or an individual usually with reference to a specific characteristic under consideration

the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits, such as its morphology,biochemical or physiological properties, phenology, behavior, and products of behavior

any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually

the group or radical obtained by removal of one or more hydrogen atoms from phosphoric acid