Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Structure: C, H, O
Polysaccharide
Structural
Cellulose
Cell Wall
Storage
Starch
Function
Energy source
Monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Disaccharide
Sucrose
Active Transport
Cell Membrane
Proteins
Structure: C, H, O, N
Function
Enzyme
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
Muscle Development
Carrier
Cell Membrane
Faciliated Diffusion
Amino Acids
Amino Group
Carboxyl Group
R Group
Polar
Nonpolar
Acidic
Basic
Ribosomes
Rough ER
Mitochondria:(along w/DNA)
Nucleic Acids
Structure: C, H, O, N, P
Nucleotides
Phosphate Group
Nucleoside
Purines
Adenine & Guanine
Pyramidines
Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
Pentose Sugar
DNA
Ribose
RNA
DNA
Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
Centrosomes
Lipids
Glycerol
Fatty Acid
Saturated
Unsaturated
Cis
Trans
Prescence of unsaturated fats (due to their double bond) can increase membrane fluidity
Smooth ER: other functions are metabolize carbs, dextoxifieng drugs and poisons.
EX of interactions: Polar, Nonpolar, Acid, Base, Disulfide
One Parent and Daughter Strand in each copy (Messleson & Stahl)
Distal Control Element(bind near gene) Activators bring high levels Repressors bring low basal level. Binds to Enhancers
Histone core: H2A, H2B,H3, H4. 300 nm Looped domains
Poly A polymerase adds Poly A tail. While splicesomes do splicing
Complimentary base pairs bonded with hydrogen bonds while base nucleotides bound by phosphodiester bonds
Proximal Element brings Basal level transcription
Double bond. Creates a fluid phospholipid bilayer. Found in oils
When light enters the thylakoid it hits a chlorophyll mlcl which excites electrons. When the elctrons go into the ground state they release heat and light like a cascade.
These molecules tend to be small and non polar which allows it to go straight through the membrane.
Single bond full of hydrogen. Creates a rigid phospholipid bilayer, Found in butter
The process described is for proteins whose synthesis is completed in the ER. If proteins synthesis is complete on free ribosomes they can go to any organelle.
Made by forming a long chain of nucleotides and H-Bond through the Nitrogenous bases to create a double helix.
Uses the energy from the movement of electrons in the system to pump protons against concentration gradient and back down to make ATP. H20 donates electrons and creates O2
Signal transduction also uses ATP. The ATP that it needs comes from the many processes that are already taking place inside of the cell that yield ATP. This ATP is used as a substrate for kinases.
The whole process from after reception to before the cellular response is transduction.
Glycerols and fatty acids are bonded together with ester linkages. Function of lipids are mainly energy storage.
Occurs in the nucleus in Eukaryotic cells & nucleoid region in Prokaryotic cells. Process by which DNA copies itself. (Hershey & Chase)
DNA Structure
double helix and double stranded
anti-parallel strands
complimentary base pairings
complimentary base pairings
TRANSLATION
elongation
large ribosome
P-peptidyl transferase
5-AUG-3'
small ribosomes
E-Exit
release Codon
A-Amino Acyl Transferase
adds Codon
continuous Codon cycle added
initiation
Termination
peptide bonds
RNA is used to produce proteins
Polypeptide
Ribosomes
always in Cytoplasm START+Complete
starts in Cytoplasm
START only
DNA REPLICATION
Semi conservative
ORI Origin of Replication
separates two strands of DNA
Keeps DNA strands single
primer binding
Elongation
Termination
TRANSCRIPTION
makes mRNA
occurs in Cytoplasm
mRNA that is ready
for TRANSLATION
occurs in Nucleus
needs to be modified before
it can be translated
RNA Processing
addition 5' G-CAP
splicing
addition Poly AAA tail
initiation
promoter binds to 3'-5' template
Elongation
mRNA made to 5'-3' direction
Termination
mRNA synthesis stops at
the terminator sequence
holds genetic material, provides directions for its own replication, directs synthesis for RNA (mRNA)
Promoter Sequence
Transcription Factors
Specific
Activators
Repressors
General
Active CAP
cAMP
Operator Sequence
Repressor
Allolactose
chromatin 10 nm
30 nm and 300 nm
300 nm metaphase chromosome
signal recognition particle binds to signal peptide that comes from the ribosome
particle brings ribosome to the ER which is around other proteins
ribosome goes back to translating which feeds the polypeptide through the pore and goes into the ER
signal peptidase cuts the signal peptide off
translation continues and the amino acid enters the ER lumen
completed polypeptide is sent into the ER where it floats around freely
Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, plasma membrane, etc.
Protein transport/Endomembrane Process
Molecules tend to be large and polar so they can't pass through.
Phosphatase deactivates the protein Kinase by removing a phosphate group.
Fat Molecules
Phospholipids
Phospholipid Bi-layer
Plasma membrane: the cells barrier
Triglycerides^
The transduction process starts off with a relay molecule. The relay molecules are called second messengers. Second messengers carry the message from one to the other. AN EXAMPLE OF A SECOND MESSENGER IS cAMP!
Side Chain: determines portions properties
Primary Structure Peptide Chain
Secondary Structure: Alpha Helices, Beta Plated Sheets
Teritary Structure
Quaternary Structure
Cell Signaling
Local Signaling
Synaptic Signaling
Paracrine Signaling
Long Distance
Hormonal Signaling
Proteins
Receptors
Membrane Receptors
GCPR
Signal mlcl binds to receptor
Which swaps out GDP for GTP
G-protien
Adenyl Cyclase (enzyme)
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Protein Kinase Cascade
Activates a Cellular Response
AMP
Tyrosine Kinase /RTK
Mediating cell to cell communication
Metabolism
Cell Growth
Ion channel
Signal molecule binds to the receptor
Intracellular Receptors
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Signaling Molecules
Membrane
Reception
Transduction
Activated receptor activates a molecule
More molecules are activiated
A response may occur in the cytoplasm or nucleus
Gene expression
Change in cell shape or size
Activation for a protein
Change in motility
Cell growth or division
Response
ATP
Cellular Respiration
ETC
Energy released from the electron transport chain (into the intermembrane space) forms a proton gradient
Chemiosmosis
That same energy/H+ ions that came from ETC goes down the gradient (into the mitochondrial matrix) and drives ATP synthesis
Photosynthesis
Light
Thylakoid
Chlorophyll and other Photosystem II
ATP and O2
Photosystem I
NADPH
G3P and eventually Glucose
Anaerobic processes
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Dimerization
extracellular signals
intracellular signals
patterns of protein transciptions