Biochemistry

chemical bond sharing
electrons form electron
pairs between atoms (non-metals)

chemical bond where
pair of electrons unequally
shared between two atoms

two atoms share a pair
of electrons with each
other

measure atom's
ability attract shared
electrons to itself

Oxygen: High
(strong pull on
electrons)

Hydrogen: Low
(weak pull on
electrons)

carbon and hydrogen
chemically linked in long
chains, carbon as backbone,
hydrogen atoms attached to
carbon atoms

Alkynes

Alkenes

Benzenes

Alkanes

molecules at surface
having stronger hydrogen
bonds "push back"

attraction of water molecules
to other types of molecules "climb"

water: capable of
dissolving more substances
than any other liquid

O atom joined by single
covalent bond to H atom

central C atom
joined by covalent
bonds to two
O and OH

central C atom joined
to O atom by double
bond

one N atom attached
by covalent bonds to
two atoms of H

one P atom
bound to four O
atoms

S atom bonded
to an H atom

interaction between two
molecules that either attract
or repulse

weakest force, occurring in
non-polar molecules due to
shifts in electron density

between polar molecules
due to positive and negative
ends of molecules

strong attractions between
positively and negatively
charged ions in a compound

attraction between hydrogen
and electronegative atoms like
oxygen or nitrogen

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Ribose

Deoxyribose

Lactose

Sucrose

Maltose

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

small molecule
can bind chemically
to other molecules
(building blocks)

large molecule formed
when monomers link
together chemically in chain

complex molecule composed
repeating units smaller
molecules covalently linked
together

make up lipid bilayer
of cell membranes

Glycerol + two hydrophobic
fatty acids + hydrophilic
phosphate group

bonds filled
with hydrogen
of single bonds

contain one C-C
double bond hydrogen
is removed

contain more than
one C-C double bond

hydroxyl group glycerol
bonds with carboxyl group
on fatty acids

are ester linkage and
known as esterification

hydrogenation: hydrogen
atoms added to double bonds
in unsaturated triacylglycerols

lipids since they are
hydrophobic and insoluble
in water

building blocks of proteins,
are both amine and carboxyl

proteins that act as
biological catalysts,
speeding chemical
reactions

bonds that hold
amino acids together,
formed by a dehydration
synthesis reaction

two amino acids
joined by a peptide bond

chains of amino acids
linked together by peptide
bonds

linear sequence in
each polypeptide chain

chain undergoes additional
folding due to (R-group)
interactions

folds and coils as
polypeptide chain grows

α helix

β pleated sheets

tor more polypeptide chains
come together to form a
functional protein

assembly instructions for
all proteins in living organisms

stores hereditary information
in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
and many viruses

- Deoxyribose
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous bases (A,T,G or C)

different forms of RNA
involved in protein synthesis
in all cells

- Ribose
- Phosphate
- Nitrogenous bases (A,U, G or C)

two-ringed organic structures
adenine (A) and guanine (G)

single organic rings
uracil (U), thymine (T),
and cytosine (C).