Body Systems

Circulatory System

Body Parts

A muscular pump with four chambers.
The heart is also responsible for pumping blood through your body.

Located between the lungs, in the
middle compartment of the chest.

Blood Flow

Includes a network of arteries, veins and lymphatics which function to exchange blood between the heart, the lungs and back.

Deoxygenated blood travels from the heart and passes via pulmonary arteries

travels into the arterioles

Arterioles:
Small Arteries

Capillaries
(Lungs)

- Gas exchange occurs.
- High O2, low CO2
- Red Blood Cells drop
CO2 and pick up O2.

Venules

Veins

Pulmonary Veins

Brings blood back to the heart.

Oxygenated blood is pumped via the left side of the heart and comes out of the aorta.

Arterioles

Arterioles:
Small Arteries

Capillaries
(Tissues)

Venules

Veins

Superior/inferior vena cava

Brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

-Gas exchange occurs
-High CO2, low O2
-Red Blood Cells
drop O2 and pick up CO2

Provides a supply of oxygenated blood to all tissues

Consists of

Digested Food

Red Blood Cells

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Plasma

Hormones

Platelets

Waste
(urea)

White Blood Cells

carry blood toward the heart.

veins have valves which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction

Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from tissues back to the heart. The exceptions include the pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood to the heart.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

the elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under pressure

largest of the three types of vessels

Capillaries link Arteries with Veins

they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells.

the smallest of the blood vessels

Diseases

CAD occurs when the coronary arteries struggle to supply the heart with enough blood, oxygen and nutrients. Cholesterol deposits or plaques are often to cause of the disease.

Various blood thinning drugs can be used to treat CAD, such as aspirin.

The digestive system gets nutrients from food and gives it to your blood. The blood then distributes the nutrients throughout your body via the circulatory system processes.

The respiratory system works with the circulatory system to provide oxygen to the body. The systems also work together and to remove the waste products in the body.

Digestive System

Body Parts

The mouth starts the digestion process when you chew.

Mechanically and chemically digests food and sends it to the small intestine .

Producing bile, which is a solution that aids in the absorption of nutrients. Bile helps to turn fats into energy that can be used by the body.

Stores bile, which is a solution that aids in the absorption of nutrients.

The pancreas makes enzymes (proteins). These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches. The pancreas also produces hormones, which are messengers that travel through the blood.

Helping to further digest food coming from the stomach. The small intestine also absorbs nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats and proteins, so they can be used by the body.

Absorbs water

The salivary glands produce saliva which helps food travel easily into the esophagus and then your stomach. Saliva also contains an enzyme which begins to breakdown your food.

Diseases

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), occurs when stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus. This can irritate the lining of the esophagus.

- Antacids
-H2 blockers
-Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
-Other medicines
-Fundoplication
-Bariatric surgery
-Endoscopy

Two Types of Digestion

Mechanical Digestion

Chewing and Squeezing

Chemical Digestion

enzymatic and acid breakdown of food

Four Stages of Digestion

Ingestion: mouth and teeth grind food. Peristalsis helps push food down the esophagus and along the digestive track.

Digestion: stomach turns solid food into chyme (liquid goop) and sends it to the small intestine.

Absorption: small intestine & large intestine absorb nutrients and water.

Egestion: wastes are excreted from the body.

The respiratory and digestive systems work together to power the body.

The respiratory system delivers oxygen to the blood. The digestive system breaks down food and uses muscular contractions to move food through the digestive tract, it therefore needs oxygen to function properly and preform its processes.

Respiratory System

Body Parts

Air to enter the body. The nose also filters debris and warms and moistens the air.

The pharynx, or the throat, carries air downwards from the mouth and nose.

The larynx is a hollow tube that allows for air to pass from the pharynx (throat) into the trachea.

The main function of the trachea is to carry air in and out of the lungs. The trachea divides into the left and right bronchi.

The bronchi carries air to and from your lungs.

The bronchioles carry air to small sacs in your lungs called alveoli.

The alveoli are where the lungs and blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

When inhalation occurs, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity widens. The contraction creates a vacuum, which pulls air into the lungs.

Breathing and Respiration

interrelated processes, however, are not the same

Breathing

exchange of respiratory gases between an organism and its environment.

inhaling air (high O2 low CO2) into the lungs via the passageways, and exhaling air out (low O2 high CO2).

Respiration

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP

The small, fine hairs found the nose which are part of the integumentary system, aid the respiratory system. The hairs act as a filter which removes harmful particles, and stops them from entering the lungs.

Diseases

Excretory System

Body Parts

The kidneys are responsible for removing waste and toxins from the body via urine.

Nephrons

the filters located in the kidneys that remove wastes

Ureters are narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Stores and empties urine.

a tube that allows urine to pass outside of the boy.

In the excretory system, the skin is responsible for sweating.

The skin excretes wastes and urea via sweat.

The excretory system filters wastes from the blood and maintains proper water and electrolytes concentrated in the blood

Diseases

- Acids (to dissolve kidney stones)
- Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
-Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL)

The skin, which is part of the integumentary system also plays a vital role in the excretory system. The skin excretes wastes and urea through sweat.

The respiratory and excretory system are linked because the lungs in the respiratory system also excrete some wastes such as carbon dioxide and water.

When the circulatory system circulates blood, the blood goes to the excretory system. The kidneys filter the liquid portion of the blood and remove the toxins.

The digestive system and excretory system work hand in hand. They both work together to break down and process foods.

Immune System

Body Parts

Help the body fight infection or disease

Located in the throat, prevent germs from entering the body via the nose or mouth.

Help to fight invading germs in the blood.

Filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid. Lymph nodes contain white blood cells which help the body fight infection and disease.

Produce bone marrow stem cells, red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells. White blood cells fight infection and disease, bone marrow produces it.

Protects the body from foreign bacterias

Diseases

Immunosuppressants such as Azathioprine, are used the treat Lupus, because these drugs suppress the immune system. The drugs are used in more severe cases of Lupus.

Skeletal System

Body Parts

Bones have multiple functions including: body support, facilitation of movement, protection of internal organs, storage of minerals and fat, and hematopoiesis.

A smooth flexible substance covering the tips of bones where they meet. Cartilage enables bones to move without friction.

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone. Ligaments also hold structures together and ensure stability.

A fibrous connective tissue that attach muscle to bone. Tendons move bones.

Diseases

A common treatment of the disease is bisphosphonates, which are a type of drug that limit the loss of bone density.

Muscular System

Body Parts

The most common muscles in your body.

Move your bones.

striated, voluntary

Present through the body. Serves a variety of functions.

Smooth muscle is present in the digestive system where it is found in the stomach and small and large intestines. The smooth muscle helps with digestion and nutrient collection.

involuntary, non-striated

Forms the muscle surrounding the heart

striated, involuntary

The tendons in the skeletal system connect the skeletal and muscular systems. Tendons connect muscle to bone.

Diseases

Edaravone (Radicava) is a drug shown to reduce the decline in daily functioning.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Body Parts

Brain

Spinal Cord

When we consume food, the brain sends signals to the digestive tract so that it can break down food into small molecules which can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The CNS sends signals to organs.

The nervous system sends messages which activate the skeletal muscles. The muscle fibres contract and respond to the message.

Diseases

While there is no cure, an effective treatment of Parkinson's Disease is a drug called Levodopa.

Reproductive System

Two Sexes

Male

External Organs

A male organ responsible for sexual intercourse and urination.

Bag of skin that protects and holds the testicles

Two small organs found in the scrotum. Responsible for producing sperm and testosterone.

Internal Organs

Transporting mature sperm to urethra for ejaculation.

Producing seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.

a tube that allows urine to pass outside of the body.

Female

Internal Organs

Providing a passageway for blood and mucosal tissue from the uterus during menstruation. Used during intercourse, and provides a passageway for child birth.

Nourishing the developing fetus before it is born.

Transporting the ova from the ovary to the uterus every month.

Producing egg cells, called ova or oocytes

Excretory and reproductive systems both share a common passageway. In males, the penis serves as a passage for both urine and semen.

Diseases

Hormonal contraceptives: Birth control pills, patches or vaginal rings can help control hormones responsible for the creation of the endometrial tissue each month.

Endocrine System

Body parts

A structure deep in the brain which keeps the body in a stable state called homeostasis.

Located in the center of the brain. Functions to receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment, and to produce and secrete melatonin.

Produce and release hormones to aid in important processes such as growth, metabolism and reproduction.

Small gland in the neck, it is responsible for regulating processes, such as metabolism, energy generation, and mood.

Before birth and throughout childhood, the thymus is responsible for the maturation and production of t-cells.

Producing hormones that help regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions.

The pancreas makes enzymes (proteins). These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches. The pancreas also produces hormones, which are messengers that travel through the blood.

Producing egg cells, called ova or oocytes

Diseases

Hashimoto's Disease is an autoimmune disorder which affects the thyroid gland. The disease is caused when the body makes antibodies that attack the cells in your thyroid, causing the thyroid to produce less thyroid hormone.

Thyroid hormone replacement is the primary treatment for Hashimoto's Disease. The synthetic hormone works like the T-4 hormone naturally produced by the thyroid.

Glands in the endocrine system produce sex hormones which are responsible for sex characteristics in males and females.

Integumentary System

Body Parts

Largest organ in the human body.

-Protect inners cells from damage and infections
-Release or trap in heat
-Expel wastes

Two Layers

Outermost layer of skin.

Protect the body from harm, keeps the body hydrated, produces new skin cells and contains melanin, which gives pigment to the skin

The skin controls body temperature.

When overly hot, the skin:
Dilates the blood vessels to increase blood flow for releasing heat. The skin can also sweat, another way of cooling the body.

When cold, the skin:
Constricts blood vessels to reduce blood flow thereby keeping heat at the core of the body. Fat also provides insulation, warming the body.

Nerves sense stimuli, such as temp or pain, and send that information to the brain.

Mechanical protection for the body, increases sensory function, and helps regulate body temperature.

Reinforcing and protecting the ends of the fingers and toes.

Producing sweat, oil and wax, which aids in cooling, protecting, and moisturizing the surface of the skin.

The integumentary system and circulatory system are closely linked through capillaries. Capillaries found near the surface of the skin open when your body is overly hot and needs to be cooled, and close when the body is cold and needs to conserve heat.

The skin synthesizes vitamins D, and provides this nutrient to the digestive system. Vitamin D is also required to absorb calcium. Therefore, the skin works with the digestive system to ensure the proper absorption of calcium.

Diseases

By: Habiba and Marissa