LIFE

Nature of Science

Understanding of the natural world

Observations and Experiments

A Tested Explanation

Theories

Description of a constant Natural Phenomenon

Classification

Protecting Biodiverity

Biodiversity

Ecosystem

Complex ecosystem

Less dependent on certain species

Species benefit from one another

Oxygen, Water, Pollination, pest control, nutrient cycling, climate control, disease control, and food

Destroying Biodiversity

Anthropogenic Climate Change

Bleaching of Corals Reefs

The change in climate causes differences in the life cycle of plants and pollination cycle of pollinators.

The difference in timings of the cycles reduce the interaction between plants and polliantators

Animal's food shortages

Decreases growth of fish and increases consumption of dissolved oxygen

Higher altitude environments being exposed to higher temperature causes lower altitude environments to grow and take over

Exploitation of Animals

Hunted for Fur and Horns

Overfishing

Deforestation

Destruction of Habitat

Converted 75% of land not covered in ice

Consume less and more responsibly and waste less food. Educate people who are ignorant of the situation and show them the steps they need to take.

Alive or Not

React to Stimuli

Taxonomists

Taxonomy

Science of naming and classifying organism

1,5 to 1.7 million species

Tool used to classify and identify closely related organisms

Should always only give two choices for each step

Choices should always be positive "has" or "is"

Choices should be about attributes

Can be a graphical with pictures or written

Cells

Prokaryotes

Simple Cell Structure
No membrane-bound nucleus
Smaller than Eukaryotes

Morphology

Mono - One
Diplo - Two
Strepto - Chain
Staphlyo - Cluster

Nutrition

Phototrophs

Use energy from light to make organic molecules

Heterotrophs

Cannot produce it's own food

Chemoautotrophs

Cells create their own energy from inorganic chemicals

Chemoheterotroph

Obtain organic compounds by breaking down chemical

Common Structures:
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Flagella
Ribosomes
DNA

Types of Respirtions

Grows in the presence of oxygen

Grows in the absence of oxygen

Must be in the presence of oxygen

Must be in the absence of oxygen

Can grow in the presence of and in the absence of oxygen

Eukaryotes

Complex Structure
Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic cells evolved into existence from prokaryotic cells

Originally there were prokaryotes(bacteria) with varying sizes and abilities

Some were able to use photo synthesis

Chloroplasts

Some use oxygen to produce ATP energy

Mitochondria

Larger cells were heterotrophs and consumed other prokaryotes. Certain cases the consumed cells would not be digested and would live together.

Smaller consumed bacteria/prokaryotes would become todays organelles

Mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA

They are the same size as bacteria

Have similar DNA to prokaryote DNA

They duplicate similar to prokaryotes

Viruses

Small non living material

Host Range

The number of host species a virus can infect

Zoonotic Virus

A virus that can infect animals

Vector

An intermediate organism which carries the virus and infects others

Classified

Genetic Material

Method of Reproduction

Lysogenic Cycle

DNA from the virus enters the host cell's chromosomes where it may lay dormant and duplicates as the cells goes through mitosis until it later activates. When it activates it begins to follow the lytic cycle

HIV

Lytic Cycle

DNA from the virus enters the host cell and uses it to make copies of itself until the host cell breaks and continues the cycle

AIDS

Genome Intergration

Integration of DNA from the virus into the DNA of the host cell using an enzyme called Integrase

Unable to reproduce independently

Vaccines

Made from weakened form of viruses

Made of Cells

Can Reproduce

Metabolize

Can Adapt

Can Move

Species

Morphology

Structure/Form

Phylogeny

Species History/Evolution

Ability to Production of Fertile Offspring

8 Ranks

As you go down the more two animals have the same the more closely related they are

Binomial Nomenclature

Genus + species

8-11 million species

Eukarya

Animalia

Heterotrophs

Sexually and produce and embryo through gametes. But can reproduce asexually

No cell wall

Classified

Organs, organ systems, tissues

Body Layers

Muscles, blood, and kidney

Lungs, liver pancreas, and stomach lining

Bilateral
Radial

Motile(move)
Sessile(Don't move but do when young

Coelem- A fluid filled body cavity containing organ system

Segmentation

Asexual/Sexual

Animalia Groups

Vertebrates

Chordata

Plantis

Autotrophs

Store food as starch

But rely on other organism to carry

Vascular/Non-Vascular

Bryophytes
Phylum Bryophyta

Liverwort
Hornwort
Moss

Used to locate pollution sources

Help reduce soil erosion
Used to study plant evolution

Nutrient Cycling

Plants that cannot transfer materials through their bodies because they do not have tubes

Use diffusion and osmosis to transport materials

Rhizoids - Small root like structures

Multicellular

Chloroplasts allowing them to conduct photosynthesis
Cell walls made of cellulose
Large Vacuoles

Sexual and Asexual

Seeds are plant embryos with food which remain dormant to survive harsh conditions for long periods of time

Fragmentation
Spore formation

In favorable conditions a spore can develop into a new organism following a cycle known as alternation of generations

Fungi

Heterotrophs

Absorb nutrients from living things

Release digesting enzyme to absorb nutrients

Consume other oragnisms

Share a relationship with plants
Plants get more nutrients
Fungi gets more sugar(glucose)

Multi-cellular and Uni-Cellular(Yeast)

Made of Chitin

Sexual and asexual

Produce Spores

Budding(YEAST) smaller cell develops and pinches off

Fragmentation

Imperfecti

Asexual

Causes athletes foot

Spores have flagella

Commonly Uni-cellular

Aquatic

Warts

Multicellular

Terrestrial

Mold

Largest group
Yeasts

Short Lived Fruiting Bodies

Mushrooms

Food- Bread
Medicine-Penicillin

Protista

Uni-cellular
(except for Algae)

Eukaryotic cell organism which cannot be classified as animalia, plantis, or fungi

Through Nutrition

Protozoan

Heterotrophs

Consume other organisms

Some are paracites

Cercozoa

Have pseudopods
("False Feet")

Ciliophora

Have cilia
"hair"

Sporozoa

In mosquitos
Can give you Malaria
Are parasites

Zoomastigina

Have flagella
"Little Tail"

Moulds

Oomycota

Can be parastic

Filamentous
"Thread Like"

Myxomycota

Slug-like

Heterotrophs
Absorb nutrition from other organisms and decaying material

Acrasiomycota

Ingest bacteria and yeast

Individual amoeboid cells
Pseuodoplasmodium form when there is no food

Plant Like

Both autotrophic and heterotrophic

Can conduct photosynthesis

When there is no light will consume other organisms

Contain chlorophyll

Can be uni-cellular(plankton) or multi-cellular(algae)

Chrysophyta

Food source for marine organisms

Cell walls are rigid and has a silica outer layer

Pyrrophyta

Bio luminescene

Toxic to marine animals and make shellfish toxic to humans

Euglenozoa

Autotrophs in Sunlight
Heterotrophs in the Dark

Asexually and Sexually

Achaea

Archaebacteria

Uni-cellular

Not made of peptidogylycan

Methanogenesis
(Unique to Archaea)

Metabolic process under anaerobic conditions that produce methane as a by-product

Bacteria

Eubacteria

Uni-cellular

Made of peptidoglycan

Photosynthesis

Mesophiles

Like to live in moderate conditions

Human Body

Sexually and Asexually

Conjugation(sexual reproduction) in bacteria only occurs in less favorable conditions.

Bacteria cells link by a pilus and exchange/copy DNA

Fermented Foods
Ecosystem
Gut Flora

Leprosy
Food Poisoning
Tuberculosis

Endospore Formation
(Unique to Bacteria)

Cells develop a highly resistant structure around the chromosomes when under environmental stress and show no signs of life

Grams Stains

A dye made of crystal violet and iodine

Cells appear purple
Thick protein layer on cell wall

Cells appear light pink
Thin protein layer
Pathogenic

Pathogenic: Disease Causing Bacteria
Ex.E.coli

Antibiotics

Kill and prevent the growth of bacteria

Bacteria can build resistance to antibiotics

Excess use of antibiotics on people and animals

Not finishing treatment

Poor hygiene and sanitation

Bacteria to grow rapidly

Structures

Bond using ether bonds

Similar to eukaryotic ribosomes

Extremophiles

Like to live in extreme conditions

Thermophiles
Hot Environments

Acidophiles
Acidic Environment

Halophiles
Salty Environments

Asexually

Binary fission

Budding

Fragmentation

Structure

Nucleic acid

RNA

Positive sense RNA
(+)RNA

Negative sense RNA
(-)RNA

DNA

Structure

Circular

Linear

Segmented

Double Stranded/Single Stranded

Capsid

Shape of virus and is a protein cover for nucleic acid

Surrounded by lipid bilayer membrane from host cell

Develops when virus buds from host cell and covers the capsid with the cell's membrane

No cell structure

No organelles, membrane, or cytoplasm

Reverse Transcription

Process of turning RNA into DNA

Genetic Diverisity

More variety in species to allow more resistance towards diseases and other variables

Skin and nerve sensory organs

Floating topic

Worms have long bodies shaped like tubes and a distinct head which include eye spots and they are hermaphrodites

Threatens our food and water supply and our climate

Overpopulation and Overconsumption

40% of food produce is wasted

Have xylem and phloem(tubes)

Transports water and minerals

Transports glucose(food)

Vascular

Structure

Support and hold leaves and flovers in the best positions for gathering food and for reproduction

Wide and thin to maximize surface area for photosynthesis and control intake of gases

Seed and Seedless

Angiosperms - flowering plants

Seeds have a protective coating

Use animals to transport seeds in their belly

Pollen is transported by pollinators and the wind into the pollen tube of itself or another plant into the ovary where it fertilizes an egg

Monocots

One Seed Leaves
Leaves in multiples of 3 petals
Parallel Veins on Leaves
Scattered Vascular Bundles

Dicots

Two seed leaves
Leaves in multiples of 4-5 petals
Network veins
Vascular Bundles in rings

Male Part- Stamen
Female Part -Pistil

Gymnosperms - Cone bearing plants

Seeds do not have protective coating

Male and female cones are transported by the wind to produce a seed

Used to anchor the plant and extract minerals from the soil