Reducing Atmosphere
Pinocytosis
Endocytosis
RNA
Chemical Evolution
Consists of
Consists of
Have
Have a
Consists of
Consists of
Consists of
Consists of
Consists of
Create
Made up of
Consists of
Consists of
Consists of
Consists of
Have
Have
Consists of
Consists of
Leads to a
Leads to a
Differ in
Differ in
Differ in
Consists of
Consists of
Consists of
Consists of
Prevalent in
Between 2
Between 2
May form
Often form
It's
If
If
Opposite charges
Share electrons
Bonds with...
Contains H
Consists of
Have
Between
Will be
Will be
If
If
Will contain
Between atoms
Between molecules

Unit 1

Chemical Bonds

Intermolecular

Electronegativity < 0.5

Non-Polar

Electronegativity > 0.5

Polar

Ion-dipole

Ions and polar molecules

Enantiomers

Carbon in the Center/Mirror Image/4 different molecules

Dipole-Dipole

Hydrogen Bond

F, O, N

Intramolecular

Covalent

Electronegativity > 0.5

Polar

Electronegativity < 0.5

Non-polar

Ionic Bonds

Salts

Crystals

Interactions

Polar substances

Hydrophilic

Polar and Non-polar

Hydrophobic interactions

Cells

Non-polar substances

Van der Waals

Cell Structures

Biological Molecules

Carbohydrates

Length/Branching

Ring Structure

Structural Isomer

Double Bond Location

Geometric Isomer

Cis Bonding (Hydrogens same side)

Trans Bonding (Hydrogens different side)

Nucleic Acids

Nucelotides

Phosphate Group

Sugar Group

Nitrogenous Group

Nucleoside

Sugar/Nitrogenous Group

Proteins

Amino Acid

Primary/Peptide Bond

Polypeptide

R group (Tertiary/Quatnery)

Lipids

Phospholipid Bilayer

Hydrophobic Tail/ Hydrophilic Head

Amipathic Molecules

Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Properties

Steroids

Cholesterol

Sex Hormones

Cell Evolution

Oparin's Bubble Hypothesis

Milley-Urey Experiment

Theory of Synthesizing Organic Compounds on Early Earth

Earth's atmosphere had little oxygen and lots of water vapor

As Earth cooled down much of the water vapor condensed into oceans and Hydrogen escaped into space

Volcanoes erupted under the sea, releasing gases

Gases in the bubbles reacted with the atmosphere to create organic molecules

Bubbles released contents into the air

Sun's UV radiation and other energy sources to form more complex organic molecules

More complex organic molecules fell back into the sea in raindrops and process repeats

Jumpstart of Biological Evolution

Synthesis of Amino Acids & Nitrogenous Bases

Protein and Nucleic Acids Formation

Maintaining of Internal Chemistry Different From Their Surroundings

Enzymes That Can Copy DNA

Inheritance

Ribosomes are RNAs That Can Copy Themselves

DNA took over RNA as main nucleic acid because of its stability in a double helix structure

Vacuole

Vesicle

Unit 2

Cell Respiration

Pyruvate Oxidative

Citric Acid Cycle

Organic molecules (glucose)

1 molecule of glucose brings about 30-32 ATP molecules

Glycolysis

1 glucose

2 pyruvate

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Oxidative

ATP Synthase

Electron transport chain

FADH2

NADH

Electron transport and pumping out H+ which create an H+ gradient across the membrane

Chemiosmosis

ATP synthesis powered by the flow of H+ back across the membrane

26-28 ATP

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Energy (ATP and heat)

Water

Substrate level phosphorylation

Substrate

2 ATP

ADP

Enzyme