Character Conflict
Parsimony
Continue to collect more data
Proximal Element brings Basal level transcription
Protiens made here can end up in any organelle
asteroid chemicals helped form life
Distal Control Element(bind near gene) Activators bring high levels Repressors bring low basal level. Binds to Enhancers
Isn't really a problem won't
be harmful ?????????
no multicellular
C-value paradox
Noncoding proteins
Wrong
Introns and Transposons (MGE)
Parasites
Junky Genomes
Bigger genomes are more adaptive
Bigger genomes escape selection
Placental Mammals
Increase levels of gestation
Slected Against
Methlyation
RNAI
Can provide us medicines
looking for patterns
Because we can't determine
homologies/analogies
Trasmissibility how easily disease moves transmission how the disease moves
Phylogenitc Inference
Way to many combinations
Heuristic
Need as man synapomorphies
as taxa to be resolved
Molecule must evolve
at a good rate
looking for patterns and
considering phylogeny.
reducing atmosphere
SRP binds to the signal peptide which stops transcription and allows ribosome to bind to the ER to finish making the protien. Protiens are modified in the ER to determine location
Occurs in the nucleus in Eukaryotic cells & nucleoid region in Prokaryotic cells. Process by which DNA copies itself. (Hershey & Chase)
parasites and hosts
should speciate at the
same time
Complimentary base pairs bonded with hydrogen bonds while base nucleotides bound by phosphodiester bonds
One Parent and Daughter Strand in each copy (Messleson & Stahl)
These molecules tend to be small and non polar which allows it to go straight through the membrane.
ants provid protection
acacia provides food and shelter
Transmisibility
Trasnmission
Virulences
Anthrax the example
Histone core: H1, H2A, H2B,H3, H4. 300 nm Looped domains
The upper bound stops when a virus kills a host before it can switch. Only exception is quiescent state.
Early life
Explosion leading to earth
Meteor strikes
Atmosphere recreated and moom created
Life creaed
RNA world
Ribozymes
A lot of U not a lot of T
LUCA
LECA
Precambrian
Photosynthesis
Oxygen Produced
Death of anaerobes
Creation of ozone layer
Decrease green house
First Eukaryotes
Mitochondria from purple line and chloroplast form cyanobacteria
Stromatalites
Life easy to form when
conditions are right
Panspermia Hypothesis
The whole process from after reception to before the cellular response is transduction.
Molecules tend to be large and polar so they can't pass through.
Phosphatase deactivates the protein Kinase by removing a phosphate group.
Cell Signaling
Local Signaling
Synaptic Signaling
Paracrine Signaling
Long Distance
Hormonal Signaling
Proteins
Receptors
Membrane Receptors
GCPR
Signal mlcl binds to receptor
Which swaps out GDP for GTP
G-protien
Adenyl Cyclase (enzyme)
Cyclic AMP
Protein Kinase Cascade
Activates a Cellular Response
AMP
Tyrosine Kinase /RTK
Ion channel
Signal molecule binds to the receptor
Gate allows specific ions (Na+ and Ca+) through a channel in the receptor
Voltage across the membrane is changed
Action potential is triggered
Intracellular Receptors
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Signaling Molecules
Membrane
Reception
Transduction
h
Response
activated through Dimerization
mediating cell to cell communication
metabolism
extracellular signals
intracellular signals
patterns of protein transciptions
GTP/ATP binds to G-protein receptor> release GDP
1st protein kinase activated
Protein Kinase 3,4,5
2nd signal molecule messenger
DNA
1.holds genetic material 2. provides directions for its own replication 3. directs synthesis RNA(mRNA)
double helix and double stranded
anti-parallel strands
TRANSLATION
elongation
large ribosome
5-AUG-3'
small ribosomes
E-Exit
release Codon
A-Amino Acyl Transferase
adds Codon
continuous Codon cycle added
initiation
Termination
peptide bonds
RNA is used to produce proteins
Polypeptide
Ribosomes
Free Ribosomes
ER
Golgi
Lysosomes, Cell membrane, and Outside the Cell
Bound Ribosomes
always in Cytoplasm START+Complete
starts in Cytoplasm
START only
DNA REPLICATION
ORI Origin of Replication
separates two strands of DNA
keeps strands separated
primer binding
Elongation
Termination
Semi Conservative
TRANSCRIPTION
make mRNA
occurs in Cytoplasm
mRNA that is ready
for TRANSLATION
occurs in Nucleus
needs to be modified before
it can be translated
RNA Processing
initiation
promoter binds to 3'-5' template
Elongation
mRNA made to 5'-3' direction
Termination
mRNA synthesis stops at
the terminator sequence
Chromatin 10 nm
30nm and 300 nm
300 nm Metaphase Chromosome
Promoter sequence
Transcription Factors
Specific
Activators
Repressors
General
Operator Sequence
Repressor
Allolactose
Active Cap
camp
Floating topic
Morphological Charecter
Molecular Method
DNA/RNA sequences
Stem Loop structures
Parsimony
Positional Homology
Out group compariosn
Comparitive method
Adaptation
Trait
Process
Pre-evolutionary
Post evolutionary
Continous
Regression why????
Contrast Regresson
Sunflower
Polytomies
Resolve and see if there's still a relationship
Discrete Environments
Pair Wise???
Discrete
Concentrated Changes Test
Genetic Correlation
Environmental Correlation
Extinct Species
Co Evolution
Species Interactions
Effects Coevolution
Mutualsim ++
Coevolution
Coadaption
Cospeciation
Farenholz Rule
Birds, Lice, and bacteria
Molecular clock??
Synonymous Substitutions
Ants and Acacia
Consumer Resource +-
Puffins Lice
Cyclic Coevolution Arms Race
Plants and Parasites
Secondary Compounds
Plants and Beetles
Viruses
Virulent
High Transmisiblity
Avirulent
Low transmibility
Mode of transmission Vertical Transmission
Rabbits and myxoma virus
No Covoluiton
Commensalism +0
Ammensilism -0
Competition why? --
Organic MOlecule
Nucleotide Bases
RNA replicate
Acquires a memberane
forms peptides eventually proteins
Gene Duplication
Unequal crossing over
Gene Clusters
alpha hemoglobin and myglobin genes
Hagfish
fetal hemoglobin
monotremes
Tandem Repeats
rrna or histone genes
Two copies of a gene
Non functional mutation
Drift
Pseudogenes
Selection
Neofunctionalization
Subtopic
Orthologs