Carbohydrates

Structure: C, H, O

Polysaccharide

Structural

Cellulose

Cell Wall

Storage

Starch

Function

Energy source

Monosaccharides

Glucose

Fructose

Disaccharide

Sucrose

Active Transport

Cell Membrane

Proteins

Structure: C, H, O, N

Function

Enzyme

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

Muscle Development

Carrier

Cell Membrane

Faciliated Diffusion

Amino Acids

Amino Group

Carboxyl Group

R Group

Polar

Nonpolar

Acidic

Basic

Ribosomes

Rough ER

Mitochondria:(along w/DNA)

Nucleic Acids

Structure: C, H, O, N, P

Nucleotides

Phosphate Group

Nucleoside

Nitrogenous Base

Purines

Adenine & Guanine

Pyramidines

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

Pentose Sugar

Deoxyribose

DNA

Ribose

RNA

DNA

Nucleus

Nuclear Envelope

Centrosomes

Lipids

Structure: C, H, O

Glycerol

Fatty Acid

Saturated

Unsaturated

Cis

Trans

Prescence of unsaturated fats (due to their double bond) can increase membrane fluidity

Smooth ER: other functions are metabolize carbs, dextoxifieng drugs and poisons.

One Parent and Daughter Strand in each copy (Messleson & Stahl)

The transduction process starts off with a relay molecule. The relay molecules are called second messengers. Second messengers carry the message from one to the other. AN EXAMPLE OF A SECOND MESSENGER IS cAMP!

Proximal Element brings Basal level transcription

Poly A polymerase adds Poly A tail. While splicesomes do splicing

Distal Control Element(bind near gene) Activators bring high levels Repressors bring low basal level. Binds to Enhancers

Complimentary base pairs bonded with hydrogen bonds while base nucleotides bound by phosphodiester bonds

Signal transduction also uses ATP. The ATP that it needs comes from the many processes that are already taking place inside of the cell that yield ATP. This ATP is used as a substrate for kinases.

Occurs in the nucleus in Eukaryotic cells & nucleoid region in Prokaryotic cells. Process by which DNA copies itself. (Hershey & Chase)

The process described is for proteins whose synthesis is completed in the ER. If proteins synthesis is complete on free ribosomes they can go to any organelle.

EX of interactions: Polar, Nonpolar, Acid, Base, Disulfide

Double bond. Creates a fluid phospholipid bilayer. Found in oils

These molecules tend to be small and non polar which allows it to go straight through the membrane.

Single bond full of hydrogen. Creates a rigid phospholipid bilayer, Found in butter

Made by forming a long chain of nucleotides and H-Bond through the Nitrogenous bases to create a double helix.

The whole process from after reception to before the cellular response is transduction.

Glycerols and fatty acids are bonded together with ester linkages. Function of lipids are mainly energy storage.

Molecules tend to be large and polar so they can't pass through.

Phosphatase deactivates the protein Kinase by removing a phosphate group.

Fat Molecules

Phospholipids

Phospholipid Bi-layer

Plasma membrane: the cells barrier

Triglycerides^

Side Chain: determines portions properties

Primary Structure Peptide Chain

Secondary Structure: Alpha Helices, Beta Plated Sheets

Teritary Structure

Quaternary Structure

Cell Signaling

Local Signaling

Synaptic Signaling

Paracrine Signaling

Long Distance

Hormonal Signaling

Proteins

Receptors

Membrane Receptors

GCPR

Signal mlcl binds to receptor

Which swaps out GDP for GTP

G-protien

Adenyl Cyclase (enzyme)

Cyclic AMP

Protein Kinase Cascade

Activates a Cellular Response

AMP

Tyrosine Kinase /RTK

Ion channel

Signal molecule binds to the receptor

Gate allows specific ions (Na+ and Ca+) through a channel in the receptor

Voltage across the membrane is changed

Action potential is triggered

Intracellular Receptors

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Signaling Molecules

Membrane

Reception

Transduction

Activated receptor activates a molecule

More molecules are activiated

A response may occur in the cytoplasm or nucleus

Gene Expressions

Cell growth or Division

Change in Motility

Change in cell shape or size

Activation for a protein

Response

activated through Dimerization

Dimerization

Extracellular Signals

Intracellular Signals

the Signal to Nucleus

patterns of protein transciptions

GTP/ATP binds to G-protein receptor> release GDP

binds to enzyme, uses a phosphate from GTP(ATP) to produce cAMP^

cAMP^

1st protein kinase activated

Subtopic^

Protein Kinase 3,4,5

2nd signal molecule messenger

Cell Growth

mediating cell to cell communication

Metabolism

DNA Structure

double helix and double stranded

anti-parallel strands

complimentary base pairings

complimentary base pairings

TRANSLATION

elongation

large ribosome

P-peptidyl transferase

5-AUG-3'

small ribosomes

E-Exit

release Codon

A-Amino Acyl Transferase

adds Codon

continuous Codon cycle added

initiation

Termination

peptide bonds

RNA is used to produce proteins

Polypeptide

Ribosomes

always in Cytoplasm START+Complete

starts in Cytoplasm

START only

DNA REPLICATION

Semi conservative

ORI Origin of Replication

separates two strands of DNA

Keeps DNA strands single

primer binding

Elongation

Termination

TRANSCRIPTION

make mRNA

occurs in Cytoplasm

mRNA that is ready
for TRANSLATION

occurs in Nucleus

needs to be modified before
it can be translated

RNA Processing

addition 5' G-CAP

splicing

addition Poly AAA tail

initiation

promoter binds to 3'-5' template

Elongation
mRNA made to 5'-3' direction

Termination
mRNA synthesis stops at
the terminator sequence

holds genetic material, provides directions for its own replication, directs synthesis for RNA (mRNA)

Promoter Sequence

Transcription Factors

Specific

Activators

Repressors

General

Active CAP

cAMP

Operator Sequence

Repressor

Allolactose

chromatin 10 nm

30 nm and 300 nm

300 nm metaphase chromosome

signal recognition particle binds to signal peptide that comes from the ribosome

particle brings ribosome to the ER which is around other proteins

ribosome goes back to translating which feeds the polypeptide through the pore and goes into the ER

signal peptidase cuts the signal peptide off

translation continues and the amino acid enters the ER lumen

completed polypeptide is sent into the ER where it floats around freely

Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, plasma membrane, etc.

Protein transport/Endomembrane Process

Histone core: H2A, H2B,H3, H4. 300 nm Looped domains