Final summative mind map

Glassware

Non-Volumetric Glassware Beaker,
and Erlenmeyer Flask

Volumetric Glassware, Graduated Cylinder

other Lab equipment

test tube rack used for holding test tubes.

funnel a funnels main purpose is used for liquids or fine-grained substances into containers with a small opening.

pipette a pipette is used for transporting small liquids

tongs tongs are used to pick up very hot objects

ring stand and ring clamp used for supporting lab equipment

thermometer Used to take temperature in Celsius

Forceps forceps are used for picking up very small objects

Triple Beam Balances & Digital Balances Triple Beam Balances are used to measure masses.

Bunsen Burner the bunsen burner is used Used to heat laboratory samples which are usually very hot

Goggles goggles protect you from dust liquid splash, optical radiation and high heat hazards.

Test Tube Brush is used to clean test tubes

Petri Dish is used for growing bacteria and other diseases

Mortar and Pestle is used to crush bigger objects into smaller ones

compressed gas means and object is under pressure

Flammable and combustible Examples:
Gasoline
Butane
Aerosol Canisters

Oxidizing material Examples:
Hydrogen Peroxide
Potassium Permanganate

Poisonous & inFectious Examples:
Cyanide
Chlorine Gas

Health hazard Examples:
Asbestos
Lead
Mercury

Biohazardous it can cause diseases Examples:
Medical Waste
Sewage
Decaying matter

Corrosive materials can burn skin Examples:
Bleach
Toilet bowl cleaners
Sulphuric Acid

Explosive is very reactive and an example of this is TNT

Health/ozone layer hazard less serious then health hazards

Environment Examples:
Herbicides
Heavy metals

What is the scientific method? Scientific Method involves a series of steps that are used to investigate a natural occurrence.

Problem/question a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation.

Observation/Research Make observations and research your topic of interest.

Hypothesis: try and predict the answer

Experiment: make and create a procedure.

Collect and Analyze Results modify the results and try and make it better

Conclusion conclude your topic

What is Matter? matter is what make up all of the universe

Properties of Matter Color
white, green.
Hardness
hard, soft.
Texture
smooth, rough, slippery.
crystal, powder.
Shape
square, no shape.
State of Matter
solid, liquid, gas
Temperature
by observation only!
hot, cold.

Kinds of Matter Elements
Compounds
Mixtures

Compounds are two or more objects chemically combined

Mixture a mixture is a add of two or more substances

Solutions are Some mixtures involve solids being dissolved in a liquid

Physical Properties can be changes without changing the composition of matter

states of matter
appearance (size, shape, color)
texture
smell
density

a change in matter which makes one or more substances.

examples of chemical changes:cooking an egg
a nail rusting
burning wood
fireworks

Examples:combustibility, reactivity with oxygen, flammability and reactivity with acids

A physical change is a change where the form of matter is not changed

Physical change examples Changing the state of matter
the size the temperature and the shape

Example Calcium and chlorine react to produce calcium chloride

ACID a compound which dissolves into water to produce hydrogen ions

PROPERTIES OF ACIDS: Sour taste
React with some metals to produce H2
Electrolytes

BASE

A compound that dissolves in water to produce hydroxide ions

PROPERTIES OF BASES: Bitter taste
Slippery and soapy to the touch
Electrolytes

Parts of an Atom Nucleus: the center of the atom

Orbitals (shells): the shells are around the atoms

Ionic bonding or electrovalence Like a magnet - uses positive and negative charge to attract.

Elements elements cannot be broken down into smaller kinds of matter.

Orbital

A three dimensional region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron

What is an ion? Ion: a charged atom or molecule (+ or -)
Cation: positive ion
Anion: negative ion

Why do ions form? atoms tend to lose ,gain and share to fill there valence shell

a compound formed by two atoms that are of different elements

Groups of atoms that are stable and have a net charge

you multiply coefficients with subscripts

parentheses If elements or compounds are inside of then everything behind the subscripts count inside

Common Indicators

Red litmus paper,Blue litmus paper, pH paper and Cabbage Juice

Typer of microscopes Light Microscope are models found in most schools.

Stereoscope This microscope allows for two eyes viewing of larger specimens.

Scanning Electron Microscope allows scientists to view a universe too small to be seen with a light microscope

goes through Electron Microscope also uses electrons, but instead of scanning the surface electrons are passed through very small specimens.

Microscope Viewing Field the view can be changed from the microscope

Why do cells divide? ells divide because when you skin your knee, cells divide to replace old, dead, or damaged cells.

How do cells divide? Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei.

interphase cell grows to its mature size, makes a copy of its DNA, and prepares to divide into two cells.

Prophase Chromosomes and Spindle Fibers Appear
Chromatin in the nucleus condenses to form chromosomes.

Metaphase Chromosomes Line Along Equator
The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.

Anaphase Chromosomes Split and Move to Opposite Ends
The centromeres split and the two chromatids separate.

Telophase Cytoplasm Begins to Divide
The chromosomes begin to stretch.

Cytokinesis Cytoplasm Divides The cell membrane pinches in around the middle of the cell.

What is a specialized Cell? Plants and animals consist of many cells and so are known as multicellular.

Palisade Cell Designed for Photosynthesis

Red Blood Cell Designed to carry oxygen
Found in blood.

the digestive system breaks down food

Salivary Glands breaks down starch into sugars

Esophagus moves food to the stomach

Stomach Lining Mucus prevents stomach from digesting itself

Pancreas breaks down fat

Small Intestine breaks down nutrients

Large Intestine reabsorbs water, contains bacteria to aid in digestion

main parts Heart,
Vessels, and Blood

blood can be separated into 3 layers

White Blood Cells protects from bacteria

Platelets helps damaged blood cells

Blood Vessels 3 main parts - arteries
- veins
- capillaries

Arteries large vessels with a small diameter

Veins large small wall vessels with a large diameter

Capillaries large vessels

Two cell types Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes No Nucleus
No Membrane bound organelles.

Eukaryotes Have a nucleus
Have membrane bound organelles

the 2 Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells plant cell and animal cell

Cell Membrane

Surrounds the cell and decides what comes in and out

Nucleus Control center of the cell
Stores DNA

Ribosome Smallest organelle
NOT surrounded by a membrane

Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER: covered with ribosomes; site of protein synthesis
Smooth ER: NO ribosomes; it makes hormones & lipids

Golgi Apparatus Delivery system of the cell

Mitochondria Powerhouse” of the cell
Site of cellular respiration

Canadian Cancer Statistics show that 1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer

Cancer can develop anywhere in the body, and at any age.

What is Cancer? Benign (non-cancerous)
Does not spread; though it can eventually become malignant in some cases.
Malignant (cancerous)
Has the potential to spread to other parts of body.

Secondary Tumors To form a secondary tumour, a tumour cell needs to leave the vessel system.

Cancer treatment Three basic treatments: surgery to remove the tumor, and radiation or chemicals chemotherapy to kill actively dividing cells.

Xrays Most common medical imaging.

Fluorscopy Technique using a continuous beam of x-rays to show the movement of organs.

Radiotherapy Radiotherapy is the use of x-rays to treat cancer.
X-rays damage the DNA of the cancer cells, either killing them or preventing them from multiplying.

CT-scans Also known as computer assisted tomography scans (CAT scans).

How is the body organized? Each specific cell is grouped with other cells similar in structure and function to form tissues

Skeletal System Major Parts
Bones
Joints
Marrow

Muscular System Major Parts
Skeletal,
Smooth, and
Cardiac muscle

Cardiovascular System major Parts
Blood
Heart
Blood vessels

Nervous System Major Parts
Brain
Nerves
Spinal cord

Digestive System Major Parts
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Intestines

Integumentary System Major Parts
Skin
Hair
Nails

Excretory System Major Parts
Kidneys
Liver
Lungs
Bladder
Rectum
Anus
Urethra

Lymphatic System Major Parts
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen

Respiratory System Major Parts
Nose
Mouth
Lungs
Trachea

Endocrine System Major Parts
Pancreas
Pituitary gland
Thyroid
Ovaries
Testes
Many others

Immune System Major Parts
White blood cells
T-cells
Antibodies
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow

Functions:
Supply oxygen to the cells
Remove carbon dioxide from cells
Defend body against invasion of microorganisms

Pharynx path for food & air

Epiglottis Prevents food from entering the trachea when eating

Larynx Air released from the lungs causes the vocal cords to vibrate & produces sound

Trachea makes a passage way for air

Ribcage protects other organs

Diaphragm moves and changes the volume of the ribcage