Clay

Quartz

Isomorphous sub Si+4 -> Al3+

-4 charge from oxygen pr. cation

Carbonates

Phosphates

Sulfates

native elements

Sulfides

Difference in Al+3 and Fe+ ion size

Low negative permanent charge

Low-level

Feldspar

need for extra cations to negate the charge

Octahedral

polymer structure

single, non polymer silcate
(olivines)

Double chain (amphiboles

single chain (pyroxenes)

Oxides

Tetrahedral

K-feldspar

Na-feldspar

K+ in the interlayer gap

Hydrogen vs vanderwalls

Clay

1:1 layer

Kaolinite

OH-groups(octahedral) and O^-2 group (tetrahedral)

2:1 layer

vermiculite

Smectite

Illite

2:1:1 Layer

Chlorite

Evaporites

Layer silicates (Micas)

Framework silicates (3D)

Octahedral

Strength of intermolecular bonding

Swelling from hydration

Isomorphous sub

Divalent vs trivalent cation

Negative permanent charge

Effective charge

surface area: Fixed vs interlaygap

Presence of water and cations in interlayer gap

Expansion when heated

octhedral in
interlayergap

resistent to hydration

CEC

Ph-dependent charge

OH-groups

releasing vs apsorption of H+

pH-levels

Oxides

aluminium-oxides

Gibbsite

Iron-Oxides

Goethite