Marijuana

Regulation (laws against it? Where? Age requirement?)

State level

Medically legal by doctor's recommendation in 33 states for adults 18 and some 21 years old

All the plant

Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Hawaii
Illinois
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Utah
Vermont
Washington
West Virginia (WebMD)

High CBD and low THC

Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming (WebMD)

Recreational legal for adults 21 years and older in 11 states

Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington

Decriminalized in 15 states

Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Rhode Island, U.S. Virgin Islands

Federal level

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Schedule 1 drug illegal for any use ---it is seen as highly addictive and there are no approved medical or recreational uses on the federal level

the Rohrabacher–Farr amendment prohibits federal prosecution of individuals complying with state medical cannabis laws

Classification (stimulant, depressant, etc.)

Stimulant

Depressant

Routes of Administration

Trans-dermal diffusion

Inhalation

Oral route

How it works (in the body-what organs/systems effected)

1) Enters bloodstream

THC the main ingredient that produces the high-- enters the bloodstream with in seconds of being inhaled ( the most common form of use) and makes its way to the brain

2) Cannabinoid receptors in the Brain

THC acts on the parts of the brain that have high concentration of cannabinoid receptors that activate neurons

Basal ganglia

unconscious muscle movements

Hippocampus

short-term memory or recent events

cerebellum

can effect coordination

3) Redistrubution to the rest of the body

Concerns (include short-term and long-term)

Short term

short term memory

coordination

Learning and cognitive impairment

Long term

Abuse/ Addiction

Increase in risky behavior

chronic lung exposure if smoked

immune system effects

Common forms from Cannabis Sativa

Hemp (non psychoactive)

CBD

Marijuana ( psychoactive)

Sinsemilla

Mature flower of a female plant

high in THC concentration and 15-20% potency

Hashish

Powdery resin on flower

high in THC concentration and potency

Hash oil

Resin extracted from the flower

high in THC concentration and potency

How it’s used

Recreation

Medical

Ways it is used

Eaten

Food

Candy

Desserts

Drinks

Sodas

Teas

Smoked

Pipes

Joints

Cigars

E-cigarettes

Topicals

Lotion

Patches

Salves

Effects (on the body/mind)

Short term

increase heart rate

appetite

dry mouth

redden eyes

anxiety

paranoia

Long term

damage to pulmonary function

decline in cognitive performance

impaired thinking

impaired learning

Alcohol

Common forms

Beer 2-9%

ales

stouts

lagers

malt

Wine

12% - red, white, sherry

20% - port, Madeira, muscatel

DIstilled Spirits 40-50%

Vodka, gin

Rum, brandy

whiskey, bourbon

tequila

Liqueurs

20-25% Schnapps, Bailey's Irish cream

How it’s used (recreation, medicinal)

USES

Solvents- perfumes,toiletries, etc

Fuel

ethanol

Sterilization

isopropyl

Libation

spirits, beer, wine

Recreation

Regulation (laws against it? Where? Age requirement?)

Must be 21 years old to consume and purchase

National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984

In all states

How it works (in the body-what organs/systems effected)

Absorption- mostly in the small intestine to go directly to blood stream

Food or water

Slows down absorption rate

Carbonated liquids

Speeds up absorption rate

Vary individually

Gender

Culture

Metabolism

Weight

Enters the central nervous system

Reticular formation

relaxation

Cerebellum

loss of fine motor cordination

Cerebral Cortex

blurred vision, slurred speech, lower inhibition

Heart pumps it throughout body

The Liver is the primary organ that breaks down alcohol in the body

Concerns (include short-term and long-term)

Short term

Binge drinking

alcohol poisoning

Blacking out

Long term

Potential abuse / addiction

Increase risky behavior

trying drugs

sex without protection

driving under the influence

Effects on cognitive growth

brain damage

Routes of Administration

Oral ingestion

absorption through the small intestine after drinking

Classification (stimulant, depressant, etc.)

Depressant

slows down brain and neural functioning

used to enhance mood or relax

Effects (on the body/mind)

short term

slows heart rate

Impaired coordination

impaired judgement

slurred speech

long term

Organ disease or damage

Liver damage

Cirrhosis

Brain damage

reduction of brain tissue

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Sleep interruption

Body doesn't enter rem sleep

Works Cited

r

Alcohol use and safe drinking: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency /article/001944.htmGerbis, N. (2020, January 27). How Marijuana Works. Retrieved from https://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana3.htmHanson, K., & Garcia, A. (n.d.). state medical marijuana laws. Retrieved from https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspxHinchey-Rohrabacher amendment Archives. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://thecannabisindustry.org/tag/hinchey-rohrabacher-amendment/Murray, J. B. (1986, January). Marijuana's effects on human cognitive functions, psychomotor functions, and personality. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3009708Neuroscience. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://faculty.edu/ chudler/alco.htmlWhat U.S. states have legalized medical marijuana? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/qa/what-us-states-have-legalized-medical-marijuana

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Tobacco

How it works (in the body-what organs/systems effected)

1) Enters the Blood Stream

Nicotine the main active chemical in tobacco products Makes its way into the central nervous system.

2) It mimics acetylcholine by acting at several cholinergic receptors

First stimulates and then blocks the receptor

3) Redistributes to the rest of the body

primarily deactived by the liver

Regulation (laws against it? Where? Age requirement?)

Federal Level

Before 1890's physicians believed it had medical benefits curing headaches but this was debunked

1964 First Surgeon General Report

detailed that smoking tobacco increased the risks of lung disease

2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act

Authorizing the FDA to regulate tobacco products and implemented rules

December 2019

Congress passed a federal law to raise the national age of purchase and consumption to 21

State Level

Oregon State Law January 1, 2018

Changed the legal age of purchase and consumption from 18 to 21

19 States passed a Tobacco 21 law

Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia and Washington (Tobaccofreekids.org)

Classification

Stimulant

Alertness

How it’s used (recreation, medicinal)

Medical Use

Tobacco Replacement Therapy to help quiting

Patches

Gum

Recreation Use

Smokeable

Cigarettes

Cigars

E-Cigarettes

Hookah

Smokeless

Chew

Snuff

Routes of Administration

Inhalation

Oral

Concerns (include short-term and long-term)

Short Term

Increased blood pressure

Increased heart rate

Increased Oxygen consumption

disrupted sleep

dizziness

Long Term

Addiction

Dependency

Aorta Enlargment

Lung Disease or Cancer

Emphysema

COPD

Arteriosclerosis

Possible blood restriction

Blood clotting tendency

Effects (on the body/mind)

Short term

Alertness

Nausea or vomiting

Decreased hunger after smoking

Dry mouth

Peptic ulcers

diarrhea

Heartburn

Long term

Chemical Dependency

Want to stop smoking but cant

change in blood circulation

Overworking the heart

changing the heart rhythm

Cognitive Impairment

Common forms

Tobacco Leaves

Wet

Chew

Snuff

Dry

Cigarettes

Cigars

propylene glycol or vegetable glycerin-based liquid with nicotine, flavoring and other chemicals and metals (Centeronaddiction.org)

Vaping

E Cigarette

Caffeine

Effects (on the body/mind)

Short Term

Pleasant feeling

Reverses the feelings of fatigue

Cardiovascular system

Increased blood pressure

Increased heart rate

Blood vessel dilation

Blood vessels in the brain are constricted

Long Term

Irregular heartbeat in large amounts of caffeine consumption

Basal metabolic rate might be increased slightly

Caffeinism

irritability

nervousness

insomnia

twitching

gastrointestinal disturbances

palpitations

Concerns (include short-term and long-term)

Short term

jittery feeling

Dehydration

Anxiousness

Long term

Dependency

Addiction

Can reduce the change of pregnancy in women in high amounts

Increase the risks of heath attacks

Anxiety

Sleep disturbances

Routes of Administration

Oral Ingestion

Regulation (laws against it? Where? Age requirement?)

As a Food Addictive

The Code of Federal Regulations provides that caffeine in cola-type beverages may be added at levels not to exceed .02% by volume (about 70 mg caffeine per 12 oz. can) (crnusa.org)

Naturally Occurring Caffeine

No limits on how much caffeine can be in coffee

Dietary Supplements

Energy drinks can have higher amounts of caffeine because they are classified as supplements

Common forms

Drinks

Tea

Coffee

Soft Drinks

Energy Drinks

Pills

Alertness tablets

Migraine medicine

Weight loss supplements

How it’s used (recreation, medicinal)

Medicinal

Alertness tablets

NoDoz

Migraine medicine

Excedrin

Weight loss Supplements

Zantrex-3

Recreation

Used daily by some for alertness or focus qualities Most common form is in drinks

Coffee, Tea, Soft drinks, Energy drinks

Classification (stimulant, depressant, etc.)

Stimulant

How it works (in the body-what organs/systems effected)

1) Enters Blood Stream

Absorption is rapid after ingestion. Peak blood levels are reached after 30 minutes

2) Caffeine binds to the adenosine receptors

Allowing your brain to not feel tired

Prevents dopamine from being reabsorbed and hang out in the blood stream longer

3) Causes vascular dilation but in the brain the blood vessels are restricted

quickens the heart rate and oxygen consumption

Works CIted

r

Nicotine: Facts, effects, and addiction. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/240820#pharmacokinetics_of_nicotineFp-Admin. (2018, October 1). What is Vaping? Retrieved from https://www.centeronaddiction.org/e-cigarettes/recreational-vaping/what-vapingRaising the Tobacco Age to 21. (2020, January 9). Retrieved from https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/what-we-do/us/sale-age-21The Facts about Caffeine in Dietary Supplements. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.crnusa.org/resources/facts-about-caffeine-dietary-supplements-0

a

Methamphetamine

Common forms

Chemically similar to amphetamines

pills

help treat ADHD

narcolepsy

crystallized rocks

man made in meth labs

bitter powder or pill

Regulation (laws against it? Where? Age requirement?)

Illegal in all states

Felony charge for possession

Federal laws

minimum of 5 years for possesion

Prescribed by a doctor

for a found medical condtion

Concerns (include short-term and long-term)

short term

paranoia

confusion

risky behvavior

increased risk of getting HIV if needles are shared

intense itching

long term

addiction

memory loss

change in brain structure and function

reduced dopamine levels

effect emotion and memory parts

violent behavior

increased blood pressure and body temperature

How it works (in the body-what organs/systems effected)

1) Distributed through the bloodstream

makes its way to the brain

2) Acts on dopamine receptors in the brain

increases levels of dopamine

intense pleasure from the increased levels

3) Pumped through out the rest of the body

it stay chemically intake until it reaches the liver where it breaks down into amphetamine

How it’s used (recreation, medicinal)

injecting

diluted in alcohol or water

smoking

usually in a glass pipe and inhaling the vapors

snorting

crushed up crystals

swallowing

In pill form

used for ADHD

Effects (on the body/mind)

Short term

Increased wakefulness / physical activity

faster breathing

increased heart rate

decreased appetite

increased blood pressure and body temperature

Long term

extreme weight loss

sleep problems

severe dental problems

paranoia

hallucinations

Routes of Administration

Oral delivery

Intravenous

Classification (stimulant, depressant, etc.)

stimulant

Depressants/Inhalants

How it works (in the body-what organs/systems effected)

1) Enters the bloodstream

Subtopic

Subtopic

2) Act on the GABA receptors

increases there inhibitory activity

this slows the brain activity

3) Distributed throughout the body

effecting the body in various ways

Effects (on the body/mind)

Short Term

depressants

sluggishness

trouble urinating

dilated pupils

fever

slow speech

fatigue

confusion

inhalants

lightheaded

dizziness

lack of coordination

trouble breathing

muscle weakness

bloody noses

blurred vision

Long Term

depressant

depression

sexual issues

trouble breathing

sleep problems

weight gain

high blood pressure

inhalant

brain damage

kidney or liver damage

numbness

severe rash

memory problems

personality changes

hearing loss

Concerns (include short-term and long-term)

Short Term

depressants

anxiety

insomnia

sleep disorder

seizures

Subtopic

Subtopic

Subtopic

Subtopic

Long Term

depressants

tolerance

addiction

inhalant

addiction

tolerance

mood swings

hallucinations

Routes of Administration

Depressants

Insufflation

Oral Consumption

Intravenously

Inhalants

Inhaled

Regulation (laws against it? Where? Age requirement?)

Inhalants

There is no regulation on inhalants because they are regular household items that are being abused to get high

depressants

Federal & State Law

Schedule II drug for high abuse potential

In 2000 GHB was moved to a shedule I drug

How it’s used (recreation, medicinal)

Come in pill form can be crushed to snort, taken orally, or intravenously

barbiturates & benzodiazepines (depressants)

anticonvulsants

used for seizures

Narcolepsy

rohypnol

anxiolytics

reduce anxiety

tranquilizers (depressants)

hypnotics (depressants)

used for insomnia

medicinal

recreation

Breathed in

Inhalants

Volatile Solvents

Subtopic

Aerosols, propellants, gases

Subtopic

Anesthetics

Subtopic

Nitrites

Nitrous Oxide (inhalant)

laughing gas used for dental work or by pediatrics

All inhalants are used this way even though these chemicals are not intended for that

Common forms

Inhalants

Poppers

glues

markers

aerosol

acetone

nitrous oxide

Depressants

Benzodiazepines

hypnotics

barbiturates

tranquilizers

GHB

Classification (stimulant, depressant, etc.)

depressants & inhalants

depressant

works cited

r

https://www.drugrehab.com/addiction/drugs/inhalants/effects/https://www.mydr.com.au/addictions/inhalants-tolerance-dependence-and-treatmenthttps://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/methamphetamine

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Recreation and medicinal

Opioids

Common forms

Natural products

morphine

Codeine

Semisynthetics

heroin

Synthetics

methadone

meperidine

oxycodone

oxymorphone

hydrocodone

hydromorphone

dihydrocodeine

propoxyphene

pentazocine

fentanyl

Regulation

1915 possession of opioids were illegal if not obtained from a doctor

Prescription Drug Monitoring Program

used to combat the opioid crisis by keeping track of prescription to customers state wide

Missouri is the only state that doesn't have one

Schedule II drugs

high potential for abuse

Concerns (include short-term and long-term)

Short term

Long term

Loss of consciousness or coma

overdose

Difficulty concentrating

Lack of motivation

Depression

Tolerance

leading to dependency

How it works

Enters the blood stream

by some route

Attaches to pain receptors

signals are not sent to the brain

Attaches to inhibitory receptors in the VTA of the brain

dopamine is increased in the brain giving a person a rush or high

inhibitory receptors work harder to shut of dopamine making it hard for the body to send dopamine out at the same rate as before

Classification (stimulant, depressant, etc.)

depressant

How it’s used

Recreation

Synthetics

Can be ingested, insufflation, injected, or smoked

methadone

meperidine

oxycodone

oxymorphone

hydrocodone

hydromorphone

dihydrocodeine

propoxyphene

pentazocine

fentanyl

Semi-synthetics

Injected

heroin

no medical use in the united states

Natural forms

morphine

codeine

Medical

Chronic pain

Cough suppressant

Intestinal Disorder

Anesthesia

Executions

Fentanyl was used in the first execution in 2018

Routes of administration

Oral Ingestion

Intravenous

Nasal Spray

Insuffilation

Effects

Long term

Irregular heartbeat

Weak bones

hormonal problems

increased pain

severe abdominal pain

Short term

Drowsiness

Slowed heart rate

shallow breathing

Constipation

Nausea

unconciousness

temporarily block pain

Dry mouth

Mental fog

Psychedelics

Effects

short term

dissociative

Decreased breathing

possible seizure

abnormal heart rate

unable to feel pain

hallucinogens

alters sense

time and space

reality

Intense feelings

mood swings

long term

visual disturbances

disorganized thinking

Tolerance to LSD is possible but not addiction

How it works

1) Taken by mouth

2) Absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract rapidly

3) brain contains less amounts then organs in the body

half of the LSD is metabolized every three hours

decreasing blook levels

Common Forms

Hallucinogens

LSD

Psilocybin

DMT

Ayahuasca

Dissociatives

mescaline peyote

PCP

Amphetamine Derivatives

MDMA and MDA

Anticholinergics

Belladona, mandrakes, Datura, Henbane

Original deliriants

not popular because of adverse side effects

Regulations

Schedule I drug

since the 1970 controlled substances act

very limited medical research opportunities

illegal to use

Concerns

short term

Hallucinogens

increased heart rate

increased blood pressure

nausea

dizziness

Dissociative

Anxiety

memory loss

Disconnection from reality

impaired speach

long term

Bad trips

Increased delusions

potential mental disturbances

decreased motivation

increased anxiety

impaired memory

How it is used

Recreational only because there is no legal medicinal use

Entactogens

To produce feelings within ( heightened empathy)

MDMA

ketamine

mescaline peyote

Entheogen

Used for spiritual or religious experiences

peyote

mushrooms

ayahuasca

Alters visual and auditory senses

Hallucinogens

Dissociative

Routes of Administration

Oral ingestion

inhalation

Intravenous

Sublingual

Classification

psychotomimetic

disassociation

hallucinations

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