Science

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Endoscopy: It uses a light, a camera and a cable to screen for colon cancer. (The camera is used to allow the doctor to check for any abnormal groups)

X-Ray: The X-Ray is used to mostly view bones. (Also remember it can cause DNA damage)

Ultra Sound: It uses ultra-high frequency sound waves to create a digital image.

CT or CAT scan: Multiple X-Rays are taken from many angles off the body. (Images are assembled by computer to form a detailed image)

MRI: Radio waves and strong magnetic fields create images with more detail images then a CT scan. (Computers assemble info into 3D model)

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1. Body Tube

2. Nose Piece

3. Lens Low

4. Lens Medium

5. Lens High

6. Stage clips

7. Diaphama

8. Lamp

9. Eye Piece

10. Arm

11. Stage

12. Course adjustment nob

13. Fine adjustment nob

14. Base

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Systems in Plants:

Leaf: Where photosynthesis takes place ( Light Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water ---> Glucose + Oxygen. Also chloroplasts - which is in a plants leaves uses carbon dioxide, water and light energy to produce glucose and oxygen.

Roots: absorbs the plant, absorbs water and minerals from the soil and it stores food.

Flower: It contains male and female (or both) reproductive structures and when eggs are fertilized by pollen, seeds from within a specialized structure called 'fruit'

Stem: It supports the plants leaf and flower, and provides the transportation of the mineral the plant needs.

Parts of an Plant:

Roots

Leaves

Stem

Systems in Animals:

1. It transports nutrients and oxygen around the body.

2. Regulation go body tempreture

3. Transport of white blood cells (WBC) to areas of the body where there are viruses or bacteria.

Parts of an Animal:

Blood (Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

Heart (Cardiac Muscle)

Blood Vessels ( Arteries, veins and capillaries)

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Cell Specialization: It allows different types of cells to be formed. it also creates new organs like the fetus and divide stem cells to form more cells. They also have many layers like the Palisade layer, spongy Mesophyll, cuticle, stomata, and guard cells.

Cell Division: A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. Cell division has many stages for example mitosis interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis.

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The cell cycle in Plants:

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

The cell cycle in Animals:

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

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Cell: The process by which a cell becomes specialized to preform a specific function

Tissue: A group of specialized cells which provide a variety of functions.

Organ: A group of specialized tissues working together to preform a specific function.

Organ System: A system of one or more organs, structures that work together to preform major vital body functions.

Organism: Combination of a 'being'

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Cancerous Cell Division: Cancer can spread or divide without a clear notice of it. Also normal cells stop to divide and cancer cells will continue to divide in a rapid pace.

Non-Cancerous Cell Division: Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Mutations in genes can cause cancer by accelerating cell division rates or inhibiting normal controls on the system.

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The different systems include molecules, cells, organs, and organism, these are complex and get interacted in many ways.

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An ethical issues for technological development for the MRI scan are that their are extremely strong magnets and metals are prohibited near the scanner, also which means people with metal in their body cannot under go an MRI or be anywhere near an MRI because you can easily be attached to the scanner magnetically.

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1. Incandescence

2. Phosphorescence

3. Fluorescence

4. Chemiluminescence

5. Bioluminescence

6. Triboluminescence

7. LED

Laser

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1. Radio Waves: Radar, TV Signals and AM/FM Radio

2. Microwaves: Telecommunications and microwaves ovens

3. inferred Light: Remort controls, lasers and physical therapy

4. Visible light: Human Vision, rainbows and visible lasers

5. Ultraviolet light: 'Black Light', ultraviolet light and causes skin to tan and sunburn.

6. X-Rays: Cancer treatment, Security equipment and medical imaging.

7. Gamma Rays: Cancer treatment, astronomy and product of some nuclear decay

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Concave MirrorsL its known for caving in and bulges away from you. It has a PA, Vertex, Focus, Center of curvature. (ex a line threw the centre also known as the PA - Principal axis) also they cross and when they cross that's where the image will be drawn.

Beyond C = Smaller, Inverted, Between C&F, Real image

At C = Same Size, Inverted, At C, Real Image

Between C&F = Larger, Inverted, Beyond C, Real Image

At F = No Clear Image

Inside F = Larger, Upright, Behind mirror, Virtual Image

Convex Mirrors: caves out and the middle is toward you. (A line from the top of an object) also they never cross!!!

Smaller, Upright, Opposite Mirror, Virtual Image

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Total internal reflection occurs when light is travelling more slowly in the first medium than the second medium. Also the angle of incidence is large enough that no reflection occurs In the second medium. The ray het reflected back into the first medium, which occurs in the angle of incidence is equal or greater than the crucial angle.

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Ray Diagram

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Converging Lens: A ray which is parallel to the principal axis and is refracted throughout the principal focus.

Beyond 2F

At 2F

Between F and 2F

At F

Between F and Lens

Diverging Lens: A ray through the optical centre and continues on its own path.

Beyond 2F = Smaller, Upright, Same side as object, Virtual Image.

At 2F = Smaller, Upright, Same side as object, Virtual Image.

Between F and 2F = Smaller, Upright, Same side as object, Virtual Image.

At F = Smaller, Upright, Same side as object, Virtual image

Between F and the Lens = Smaller, Upright, Same side as object, Virtual Image.

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Refraction is the bending of light as it travels from one medium to another. The speed of light is different in different mediums. You see things because of the light rays reflecting from them. The light rays travel in different directions in different mediums.

The lays for refraction: The incident ray and the refracted ray are on the opposite sides of the line that separates the two media. light bends toward the normal, if it travels more slowly in the second medium than in the first medium, it will have a smaller angle of refraction, if it travels faster in the second medium than the first medium, it will have a larger angle of refraction.

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Apparent depth: The depth that an object in water appears to be at a shallow due to the refraction of light. (objects appear closer than they actually are)

virtual Images: Your brain projects the light ray backwards in a straight line to create a virtual image in water. The virtual image projected by our brains are shallower than they actually are.

The Flattened sun: Light from the bottom of the sun is refracted more than the top. The air is more dense near the surface of the earth.

Mirages: It shoes an image at a location but the actual object is not there. This is due to earth refraction and the total internal refraction in earths atmosphere.

Shimmering/Moon; it has multiple refractions and shimmering occurs as light travels at slightly different speeds due to air layers of different temperatures.

Rainbows: 1. Refraction and dispersion occurs as the light goes from air to water. 2. Partial internal reflection occurs as the light hits the back of the water drop. 3. Refraction occurs as the light goes from water to air.

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A camera uses a convex lens to make a reduced image of an object. A laser is a device that produces a very focused beam of visible light of just one wavelength and color. Pulses of laser light carry communication signals through optical fibers.

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Synthesis

Two reactions combine to make a larger or more complex product.

A + B ---> AB

Decomposition

Large compounds are broken down into smaller components or elements.

AB ---> A + B

Single Displacement

one element replaces another element in a a compound, producing a new compound and a new element.

A + BC ---> AC + D

Double Displacement

Two elements in different compounds take place. Two solutions that under go a double displacement reaction is to produce and insoluble compound called a precipitate.

AB + CD ---> AD + BC

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Chemical reactions

One or more substance changes into more substances change to produce new substances.

Products

The new substances that are formed (After the arrow)

Reactants

The starting materials in a reaction (Before the arrow)

States

The main ones are solid, liquid and gas and aqueous is dissolved in water .

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The law of conservation of mass. In every chemical reaction, the same mass of matter must end up in the products as started in the reactants. Balanced chemical equations show that mass is conserved in chemical reactions

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To balance equation you first need to figure out if its a covalent bond, ionic compound, multivalent bond and/or polyatomic and aqueous - for acids and bases

Covalent bond: - Two non metals - Ends with 'ide' - also has prefixes. (prefixes are used for ONLY non-metals) Prefixes are also numerical Ex. 1- Mono, 2- di, 3- Tri etc....

Ionic compound: - Metal + Non-metal - ion= positive on negative charges by gaining or losing electrons. (Metals are always positive) - switch the numbers for example Al-3O-2 than it becomes AL2O3

Multivalent Bond: These are known for their Roman numerals also located in the transition metals. (If the element is in the transition metal, you will need to look at the positive and negative ions in the back of the periodic table) for these types. you switch the bottom number to the top and look at the back of the periodic table for the event symbol for example PbO2 ---> Pb2O-1 ---> Pb(lv)O2

Polyatomic: They always end in 'ate' and OH is translated into hydroxide. - draw a line and calculate the numbers and look at the back of then periodic table. For example Pb | SO4 ----> Pb+1 | SO4-1 times by 2 then it would turn into Pb(ll)Sulphate

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Acids: The are substances that release hydrogen ions H+ when mixed in water. It also has sour tasting and it is wet to touch. You can use tests to identify Acids are Litmus paper, Phenolphthalein and bromthymol blue.

Litmus Paper: Will have the colour RED

Phenolphthalein: Will have no colour (colourless)

Bromthymol blue: will have the colour yellow

Bases: They war substances that release hydroxide ions (OH) when mixed in water. It has bitter tasting and is slippery when you touch the solution. You can also identify Bases with the tests of Litmus paper, Phenolphthalein, Bromthymol blue.

Litmus Paper: Will have the colour Blue

Phenolphthalein: Will have the colour fuchsia

Bromthymol Blue: will have the colour blue

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Word equations: Names are used to represent each chemical. For example Carbon + Water ----> Carbon Dioxide

Chemical Equations: Formulas are used to represent each chemical. For example NH3 + O2 ----> H2O + N2

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pH Scale: it is a numeric scale used to show how acidic or basic a solution is (pH stands for 'power of hydrogen) left side is more acidic and the right side is more basic.

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Ionic Compound: BeO = Beryllium Oxide

Covalent Molecule: C4H10= Tetracarbon Decahydride

Multivalent bond: Lead (lV) Chloride = PbCl4

Polyatomic: CO3 2- = Carbonic Acid H2CO3(aq)

Acids: Hydrosulphuric acid = H2S(aq)

Bases: NaOH = Sodium Hydroxide

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Plastic decomposition has chemical reaction because it just ends up in landfills and there is a way to solve this problem because plastic is distorting our earth in a very bad way. The solution is to use less plastic and stop wasting so much and have them recycled properly.The chemical that come from the plastic is animal endangerment and pollution because it burns to little pieces.