Biology Concept Map
Big Topic 2
photosynthesis
CO2, water, light
oxygen and glucose
used for cellular respiration
occurs in chloroplast
Cells
Eukaryotic Cell
Plant Cells
Cell wall
Plamodesmata
Chloroplasts
Central Vacuole
Prokaryotic Cell
Transport
Active Transport
Coupled Transport
H+/glucose or H+/amino acid
Passive Transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Isosmotic solution
Animal cell: stable ; Plant cell: flaccid
Hypoosmotic solution
Animal cell: lysis ; Plant cell: turggid
Hyperosmotic solution
Animal cell: shrivel ; Plant cell: plasmolyzed
Endocytosis
Macrophage engulfing bacteria indentified for destruction
Vesicle imports water and other substances from outside the cell
Proteins recognize large molecules (ex. cholesterol), substances attach to membrane receptors, membrane pockets inward, and finally pocket pinches off
Exocytosis
DNA Replication
ORI
DNA Helicase
SSB
Primase
DNA Polymerase 3 & 1
Ligase
DNA Transcription
Gene expressing
RNA processing
Pre-mRNA converted to mRNA
Transcription & translation seperate
mRNA
Transcription & translation coupled
Translation
start codon
Formal met
70S ribosomes
Met
80S ribosomes
Big Topic 1
Water
made up by polar covalent bonds
links with hydrogen bonds
hydrogen
Prokaryotes
Cell wall
plasma membrane
nucleiod region
ribosomes
pili
flagella
Eukaryotes
nucleus
cell membrane
ribosomes
rough & smooth ER
mitochondira
lysosomes
golgi
peroxisome
cytoskeleton
Biological Molecules
Lipids
storage of energy, insulation against heat loss and cushioning for vital organs, or regulators, structural component of the lipid bilayer of biological membrane, hydrophobic, soluble in organic solvents
Bonding
ionic
covalent
Big Topic 3
Cell Signaling
Receptor
Transduction
First Messenger
Response
Membranes
Structure
Lipids
Hydrophillic head,
hydrophobic tail
Selective
Permeability
Proteins
Carrier
G Protein
Coupled Receptor
Transport
Cell cycle
Start with interphase
G 1 Phase
Cell growth
G 2 phase
Prepare for mitosis/meiosis
S phase
DNA replication
meiosis
meiosis 1
prophase 1
homologous chromosomes pair up
form tetrads
metaphase 1
homologous chromosomes line up/ crossing over
anaphase 1
homologous chromosomes separate
meiosis 2
prophase 1
sister chromatids form
metaphase 2
chromosomes line up
anaphase 2
sister chromatids separate
telophase 2
cell pinches off
mitosis
Prophase
Chromsomes form/nuclear envelope dissapears
metaphase
chromosomes meet at equator
anaphase
chromatid separate
telophase
envelope reappears
Ends with diploid daughter cells
Gene regulation
Lac Operon
Function: regulatory protein
codes for genes
Lac A
transacetylase
converts lactose into active form
Lac Y
permease
passage of lactose
Lac Z
Beta-glactosidease
lactose into glucose and galactose
glucose present
inhibits adenyl cyclase
lactose present(no glucose)
activates adenyl cyclase
makes cAMP
binds to cap
binds to repressor protein
in prokaryotes
trp operon
codes for 5 genes
tryptophan absent
tryptophan present
binds to repressor protein
binds to operator
Enzymes
have active sites
catalysts
reaches activation energy
speed up the rate of reaction
end in -ase
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Uses O2 and about 32-36 ATP and water is made
Signaling Molecules
Hydrophilic
On Cell
Membrane
Hydrophobic
Inside Cell;
Cytoplasm,
Nucleus
G Protein
Adenylyl
Cyclase
CAMP
Protein Kinase A
Electric voltage difference
H+ pump, Na/K pump both make the outside more positive and inside more negative
Nucleic Acid
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
carries information from DNA to be translated into protein
involved in transferring amino acids during protein synthesis
major part of ribosomes involved in protein synthesis
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
made of nitrogenous base, deoxyribose, phosphate group, double stranded with a consistent double helix structure (A:T and G:C)
Protein
Made form amino acids, all amino acids contain an amino group and a carboxylic group combined with different side chains.
protein containing many amino acids connected by peptide bonds
Amino acid sequence of a protein. Stabilized by peptide bonds.
The amino acid chain of a protein is folded into arrangements (alpha and beta)
Three-dimensional structure of a protein
Interaction of two or more polypeptides or subunits of multimeric proteins
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides-
made by photosynthesis
smallest carbohydrates, contains three to seven carbon atoms
Disaccharides-
made up of 2 monosaccharides
Formed by enzymes that combine two monosaccharides through glycosidic linkages. maltose, lactose, sucrose, etc.
Polysaccharides-
more than 10 linked monosaccharide monomers
Storage Polysaccharides
beta-1,4-linked glucose molecules.They are major constituents of plant cell walls.
beta-1,4-linked glucose molecules. Formed at wounding sites in plants. Shorter than cellulose
beta-1,4-linked N-acetyl glucosamine. Major structural component of exoskeletons of insects and cell walls of fungi. Chitin in fungal cell walls can be degraded by the chitinase enzyme made by plants as a part of defense mechanisms against fungi.
Structural Polysaccharides
alpha,4-linked stored in the liver and muscles of animals. Both starch and glycogen are easily digestible by humans.
alpha-1,4 linked glucose,amylase, and amylopectin found in plants. They are major storage products in potato,rice, wheat, and corn.