Chemistry

Malleable

Ability to be hammered and shaped

Ductile

Ability to bee shaped into a wire

State

Different forms that matter can exist

Solubility

Ability to dissolve in another substance

Conductivity

Ability to conduct electtricity

Pure substance

Consists of one type of atom. Can be an element or a compound

Compound

Two or more elements chemically combined together

Bond

Ionic Compound

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Ion

An atom with a charge by giving or receiving an electron

Cation

Positively charged ion

Anion

Negatively charged ion

Polyatomic Ion

A polyatomic ion is different elements that act as a single ion

Ion Tests

Techniques to test for specific ions within a substance

Covalent bond

A chemical bond between atoms by sharing electrons

Diatomic Atom

Consists of only 2 atoms bonded together

Acids and Bases

Acid

An acid is a compound with special properties. Some acids can be harmful to humans while others can be useful or essential. Acids have a pH rating of less than 7

Base

A base is a compound with special properties. Some bases can be harmful to humans while other can be useful or essential. Bases have a pH rating of more than 7

pH Scale

A pH scale is a number scale that measures the acidity or basicity of a substance

Neutral

Substances with a pH ratting of 7 is neither an acid or a base

Indicator

An acid-base indicator is a substance that changes colour if acid or base is present.

Mixture

A combination of pure substances

Homogenous mixture

A homogenous mixture looks visibly the same throughout

Heterogenous mixture

A heterogenous mixture has visible different parts

Standard Notation

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an element

Atomic Mass

The average weight of an element

Chemical Symbol

One or two letters that represent an element

Element

Substance that can not be broken down into a simpler substance

Proton

Subatomic particle with a positive charge

Neutron

Subatomic particle with a neutral charge

Electron

Subatomic particle with a negative charge

Bohr diagram

Represents an elements orbiting electrons around a nucleus

Shells

Group of electrons orbiting around a nucleus

Valence electron

Number of electrons in the outer shell

Family/Group

Elements in a family/group have similar characteristics and same number of valence electrons

Period/Row

Elements in a period are organized in an order increasing in valence electrons

Metal

Metals are lustrous, good conductors of electricity and heat, malleable, and ductile elements

Alkaline Metal

Soft, silver-grey metals that react easily with water and with oxygen in the air in group 1 of the periodic table.

Alkaline Earth Metal

Silver-grey metals that are harder and less reactive than group 1 metals in group 2 of the periodic table.

Non Metal

Non metals lack the characteristics of metals

Halogen

Coloured non-metals that are very reactive in group 7 of the periodic table.

Noble Gas

Non-metals that are colourless, odourless gases and very unreactive in group 8 of the periodic table.

Metalloid

Metalloids have a mixture of properties of metals and non metals

Binary

Composed of 2 different ions metal and non metal.

The cation is written first and the anion is written second

The name of the cation is the same

The suffix- ide is added to the root name of the anion element

Multivalent Metals

Multivalent metals are atoms that can have multiple ions

The name of a multivalent metal has a roman numeral indicating the charge

Molecular/Covalent

Formed when a non-metal combines with a non-metal. A molecule is a group of atoms formed by a covalent bond.

Numerical prefixes are used to indicate the number of each element present in a compound

The suffix- ide is added to the root of the second element

Ability to burn

Combustion (flame, heat, light)

Flash point

The lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid in the air ignites

Behaviour in air

Ability to degrade, react, or tarnish

Reaction with water

Ability to corrode or dissolve

Reaction to heating

Ability to melt or decompose

Glowing splint

Glowing ember will light up in presence of oxygen

Flaming splint

Flaming splint will react with hydrogen making a popping sound

Glowing splint and limewater

Glowing splint will go out in presence of CO2

Cobalt chloride paper

Blue cobalt chloride paper reacts with water vapour and changes colour

Reactant

Reactants are starting materials that undergo cheemical change

Product

Products are the ending materials that have different properties than the reactants

Coefficient

Coefficients are numbers before a chemical symbol that represents the number of atoms or molecules in a reaction.

Law of Conservation Mass

Matter cannot be created or destroyed

Skeleton Equation

Skeleton equations use formulas to represent the substances in a reaction

Balanced Equation

Balanced equations have an equal amount of atoms and molecules on the right and left side of the equation

Chemical Reactions

Precipitate

Process that forms a solid from a solution

Synthesis

Two or more elements combine to form a compound

Decomposition

A compound breaks down into elements and/or simpler compounds

Single Displacement

An element replaces another element in a compound

Double Displacement

Two compounds switch parts with one another

Combustion

A fuel reacts with oxygen to release carbon dioxide, water, and heat

Water Quality

Water quality is the condition of the water. It includes the physical and chemical characteristics.

Hard water

High in dissolved minerals mainly calcium and magnesium

Soft Water

Low in dissolved minerals mainly calcium and magnesium

Filtration

Process that removes physical particles and contaminants to create safe and clean drinking water.

Coliforms

Coliforms are bacteria that is found in digestive tracts of animals.

Dissolved oxygen

Dissolved oxygen is the amount of oxygen in the water