A schema theory is a theory about knowledge,how is represented and how that representation facilitates the use of the knowledge.
Bottom-up processing
Involves the movement of data from the page to the brain,triggering past experiences about the topic.
Top-down processing
The brain attempt to find an existing knowledge structure to superimpose onto the coming data to facilitate the assimilation of new information.
Focusing on meaning and trying to learn new and important content.Working on comprehension activities.Pay attention to accuracy and analysis of form.
Provide opportunities to use tapes/videos/self-access study materials. Understand learners’s needsVisualize objectives Set meainingful ,focus,graded listening task
Namely the english structures with the weak relationship between meaning in language expressions in the context.Changes in the sounds when they occur in rapid,connected speech with various tones.The rhythm pattern of English speech.The different ways of pronouncing the same sound.
1.Problems of soundsPronunciation,rhythm,intonation and stress. 2.Lacking the ability to skim what is heard,Inability to keep up with redundancy,noise,and the inability to guess 3.Lacking exposure and practiceLack of practice with different kinds of accents and colloquial vocabulary 4.Inability to link words to the contextLack of strategies to summarize heard information at macro and micro-level
Linguistic and cognitive skills
Individual linguistic units
Strategies and expectations of the listener