Unit 1
Chemical Bonds
Intermolecular
Electronegativity < 0.5
Non-Polar
Electronegativity > 0.5
Polar
Ion-dipole
Ions and polar molecules
Enantiomers
Carbon in the Center/Mirror Image/4 different molecules
Dipole-Dipole
Hydrogen Bond
F, O, N
Intramolecular
Covalent
Electronegativity > 0.5
Polar
Electronegativity < 0.5
Non-polar
Ionic Bonds
Salts
Crystals
Interactions
Polar substances
Hydrophilic
Polar and Non-polar
Hydrophobic interactions
Cells
Non-polar substances
Van der Waals
Cell Structures
Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates
Length/Branching
Ring Structure
Structural Isomer
Double Bond Location
Geometric Isomer
Cis Bonding (Hydrogens same side)
Trans Bonding (Hydrogens different side)
Nucleic Acids
Nucelotides
Phosphate Group
Sugar Group
Nitrogenous Group
Nucleoside
Sugar/Nitrogenous Group
Proteins
Amino Acid
Primary/Peptide Bond
Polypeptide
R group (Tertiary/Quatnery)
Lipids
Phospholipid Bilayer
Hydrophobic Tail/ Hydrophilic Head
Amipathic Molecules
Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Properties
Steroids
Cholesterol
Sex Hormones
Cell Evolution
Oparin's Bubble Hypothesis
Milley-Urey Experiment
Theory of Synthesizing Organic Compounds on Early Earth
Earth's atmosphere had little oxygen and lots of water vapor
As Earth cooled down much of the water vapor condensed into oceans and Hydrogen escaped into space
Volcanoes erupted under the sea, releasing gases
Gases in the bubbles reacted with the atmosphere to create organic molecules
Bubbles released contents into the air
Sun's UV radiation and other energy sources to form more complex organic molecules
More complex organic molecules fell back into the sea in raindrops and process repeats
Jumpstart of Biological Evolution
Synthesis of Amino Acids & Nitrogenous Bases
Protein and Nucleic Acids Formation
Maintaining of Internal Chemistry Different From Their Surroundings
Enzymes That Can Copy DNA
Inheritance
Ribosomes are RNAs That Can Copy Themselves
DNA took over RNA as main nucleic acid because of its stability in a double helix structure
Vacuole
Vesicle
Unit 2
Cell Respiration
Pyruvate Oxidative
Citric Acid Cycle
Organic molecules (glucose)
1 molecule of glucose brings about 30-32 ATP molecules
Glycolysis
1 glucose
2 pyruvate
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative
ATP Synthase
Electron transport chain
FADH2
NADH
Electron transport and pumping out H+ which create an H+ gradient across the membrane
Chemiosmosis
ATP synthesis powered by the flow of H+ back across the membrane
26-28 ATP
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Energy (ATP and heat)
Water
Substrate level phosphorylation
Substrate
2 ATP