Recreational Use-socializing, parties, etc.
Depressant
Prohibition-state prohibition laws to control drinking. Became real in the 18th Amendment, starting prohibition across country.
The Temperance Movement-movement where people were encouraged to drink beer and wine responsibly but no hard alcohol. This means no distilled spirits, like vodka, and beer and wine in moderation.
Taxation-federal taxes on beverages to gain money, which lead to decrease use.
Once consumed, it travels through bloodstream, getting absorbed in it. It waits until it is metabolized.Then it reaches the organs and the brain. The small intestine is the major point of absorption. When it reaches the liver, it is broken down. Alcohol is distributed through bodily fluids.
Sexual Behavior-alcohol can enhance sexual interest.
Blackouts-too much alcohol causes individual to pass out and forget.
Hormonal Effects-effects hormonal systems like adrenal corticosteroids, male sex hormone, etc. Also cause hormone disorders.
Fluid Balance-lower vasopressin output, lower blood pressure.
Peripheral Circulation-body looses heat with dilation of peripheral blood vessels, causing coldness and even shock.
Driving Under the Influence (DUI)-a significant danger of drinking and driving, leading to fatal crashes.
Violence-assault, crimes, date rape drug, suicide.
Alcohol Poisoning-acute and chronic toxicity due to too much consumption in little time.
Hangovers-waking up to abdominal pain, headaches, etc.
Brain Damage-damage to brain tissue can cause diseases such as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
Liver Disoders-fatty liver and Cirrhosis
Heart Disease-damage to heart muscle, high blood pressure and stokes.
The Immune System-more prone to diseases such as tuberculosis, yellow fever, etc.
Cancer-in mouth, tongue, liver, lungs, etc.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome-abnormalities in baby due to mother's alcohol use.
Withdrawal: Alcohol Dependence-tremors, hallucinations, delusions, seizures, etc.
Alcohol Use Disorder-disease due to loss of control from drinking.
Buying and selling alcohol illegally
Oral (beverages, food)
Injection (to veins)
Both a depressant, a hallucinogen, and a stimulant.
Abuse and Dependence
Chronic Lung Exposure-lung diseases with long time use of marijuana, such as cancer.
Vaping-a new form of inhaling aiming to reduce toxicity, but not enough information is known yet.
Anxiety-increased anxiety and panic attacks and fear.
Physiological Effects-increased heart rate and concern for those with certain disorders to smoke marijuana.
Phsychosis-some marijuana use has caused psychotic reactions.
Immune System-impairs functioning , more prone to infections and diseases.
The Marijuana Tax Act-taxes on the grower, the seller, and buyer to reduce use. Made it hard to even find the drug.
Age 21- the legal age for most states, but some are as low as 18.
Legalization- adults can legally consume marijuana depending on their state.
When consumed, THC is absorbed into blood and distributed to brain, which produces the euphoric feeling. Eventually, it reaches the rest of the body.
Cardiovascular Effects-increased heart rate, blood pressure.
Physical facial effects: dry mouth and redding of eyes.
Abuse Potential-self administration.
Cognitive Effects-slowed cognitive processing, decreased performance, effects on short term memory, loss of concentration, etc. Brain-imaging
Appetite-increased food intake and cravings.
Talking-decreases verbal interactions.
Subjective Effects-euphoria, high, more appetite, relaxed, etc.
Recreational Use-any use without medical permission. Ex: Users getting "high"
Medical Use-may aid in the relief of certain medical conditions, such as cancer and Alzheimers disease.
Oral (edibles)
Topical (applied to skin, eyes, nose, etc)
Sublingual (under tongue)
Inhalation (smoking joint, vaping)
Coffee-brewed from coffee beans to create a drink.
Chocolate-a "food of the gods" from the chocolate tree.
Tea-delicate drink produced from plants with different aromas.
Energy Drinks-caffeine loaded drinks high in sugar and other substances.
Soda-carbonated beverages that contain lots of caffeine.
Pills-over the counter pills that contain caffeine.
Medical Use-to treat drowziness and pain.
Recreational Use-socializing in coffee shops, morning routine, afternoon pick-me-up, etc.
Stimulant
Unregulated for the most part
Caffeine content must be labeled on products.(in the ingredient list)
Some religions regulate caffeine by banning it.
Travels through bloodstream and reaches the brain
Then it affects adenosine receptors, blocking adenosine.
Aids in binding of dopamine
Stimulation-better performance on daily tasks. However, to much may be harmful.
Headaches-relieves headache pain, but may cause headaches as a sign of withdrawal.
Hyperactivity-improved activity depending on the dose.
"Sobering up"-makes drunk people seem more awake, but still drunk.
Fatigue-as a sign of withdrawal.
Withdrawal effects-headache, tiredness, fatigue, etc.
Brain effects-affects adenosine receptors.
Weight loss
Short Term
Increased heart rate
Increased blood pressure
Long Term
Cancer-increase possible risk of pancreatic cancer but not likely.
Reproductive effects-birth defects such as miscarriage, slow fetal growth, etc.
Heart Disease-due to increased heart rate and blood pressure.
Caffeinism-drinking too much caffeine, which can cause numerous symptoms, such as nervousness, insomnia, palpitations, etc.
Dependence-reinforcing properties in caffeine may cause psychological dependence.
Orally (drinking coffee, caffeine pills, etc)
Inhalation (caffeine powders)
Recreational Use-smoking in public, used during parties, etc.
Medical Use-used to heal in traditional medicine and ability to treat headaches(migraines), colds, flus, etc.
Smokeless tobacco-chewing tobacco-tobacco is placed in mouth and spit out after.
Cigarrettes-most common form.
Cigars-a mix between a cigarrette and chewing tobacco.
Pipes-tube that burns tobacco while being inhaled
E-cigs-electronic cigs aimed to be a safer alternative. Also known as vaping
Oral (chewing tobacco)
Inhalation (smoking)
Short Term
Gross Breath-chemicals from smoke left in mouth.
Fatigue
Coughing-natural reaction to inhaling smoke from a cigarrette
Shortness in breath
Altered sense of tase/smell-can numb certain senses
Long Term
Lung Cancer-accumulation of tar and smoke in lungs, leading to lung disease and cancer.
Premature death-too much smoking can take lives at a young age.
Cardiovascular disease-smoke effects heart and blood vessels.
Lung disease-chronic disease as a leading factor in smoking deaths.
Pregnancy-fertility problems and complications associated with tobacco use, such as miscarriage and a low birth rate.
Oral Cancer-possibility for cancer to develop in the gum, tongue, esophagus, and many other places in the mouth, especially from chewing tobacco under the lip.
Tobacco is consumed and absorbed, often in the mouth and lungs, then it travels through bloodstream.
Stimulates release of adrenaline and dopamine.
Deactivated in the liver where the drug is broken down by enzymes.
No Smoking Signs-to limit smoking in public places and regulate health of society.
Women banned from using tobacco in the early 1900s as a way of protecting them.
The Council for Tobacco Research-established to study the health effects of using tobacco.
A healthier option-tobacco companies advertising a new and "safer" cigarrette.
FDA Regulation-to regulate tobacco as a drug and in specific ways. Requires companies to communicate with FDA.
Both a stimulant and a depressant
Alertness-feeling awake and focused due to nicotine and thus, boosting performance.
Depedence- nicotine makes smokers come back for more and is a dependence-producing substance in tobacco.
Relaxation-also can calm bodily processes
Increased Blood Pressure
Body Temperature May Decrease
Constriction of blood vessels
carboxyhemoglobin-high levels in regular smokers.
Hunger-inhibition of hunger and taste.
Respiration-may increase or decrease depending on the dose.
Nicotine poisoning- nausea, dizziness, tremors, etc.
Recreational Use-used as a way to feel good and get high.
Medical Use-may be used to help treat certain medical conditions, such as ADHD.
Insufflation-snorting
Oral-pills
Injection
Inhalation-smoking
Stimulant
Increased blood pressure
Anxiety
Insomnia
Hyperthermia
agitation
alertness
Decreased appetite
Mental Confusion
FDA Approval-only for certain conditions where meth can help treat it.
Controlled Substance Act-brought awareness to the harmful effects
Limited access-has lowered meth-related issues, such as arrest.
US Drug Abuse and Regulation Control Act of 1970-aimed to outlaw drug in order to protect users.
Short-term
Sudden weight loss
Skin sores
poor appetite
Twitching
Hyperactivity
Increased respiration
Increased Heart Rate
Increased Blood Pressure
Long-term
Damage to blood vessels in brain
Stroke
Convulsions
Rotten teeth
Overdose-effects pass rapidly, causing sweating, increased heart rate, and other threatening conditions.
Kidney Failure
Cardiovascular collapse
Tolerance-as result of needed more of the drug to get the desired effect of "high."
Addiction-effects of drug wear off quickly, causing withdrawal symptoms, and thus, needing more of the drug, leading to physical and psychological dependence.
Irritability
Releases lots of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, in brain
Pleasurable sensation as a reaction
Increases activity in CNS
Powder
Crystal "ice"
Crank
Pills
Depressant
Recreational Use-to feel better and relax.
Medical Use-used to treat medical conditions, such as seizures, panic attacks and anxiety, for relaxation in surgery, therapy (alcohol withdrawal) etc.
Alprazolam (Xanax)
Valium
Onfi
Librax
Ativan
Medically regulated by doctors, such as the drug as not recommended for pregnant women.
Department of Health-requires use of triplicate prescriptions to help control abuse.
Center for Disease Control- established guidelines for benzodiazepines, requiring black box warnings on labels.
Activity begins in CNS
Occupy GABA-A receptors
Regulate brain functins
Open GABA channels
Neurons negatively charged
Drowsiness and feeling of tiredness
Dizziness
Antergrade amnesia
Cognitive Effects-changes in one's ability to think and reason.
Death-possible fatal consequences if combining this drug with another drug.
Restlessness and irritability
Anxiety
Hallucinations
Headache and hangover feel
Long-term
Tolerance
Dependence-due to prolonged use of this drug, which can have some major consequences.
Abuse
Withdrawal symptoms-may arise after discontinuing the drug, causing many effects, such as blurred vision and panic attacks, etc.
Short-term
Cardiac Arrest- if drug is given at a rapid pace and the heart can't handle it.
Nausea and vomiting
Reactions in skin
Abnormal heart rate
respiratory depression
Intravenous injection
Oral (pill form)
Insuffliation-snorting
Synthetic drug
Painkiller
Narcotic
Decrease activity in brain(nerves) to ease pain
Bind to opioid receptors in brain and body
Receptors either open or close channels that control pain.
Pain relief- therapeutic properties to ease pain. Drug basically eliminates response to pain.
Intestinal disorders-aids in improving stomach issues, like diarrhea, infections in intestines, colic, etc.
Cough suppressants-decreases activity in cough control center.
Short-term
Acute toxicity-depressed respiration(slowing of breathing).
nausea/vomiting
Constipation
Dizziness and confusion
impaired judgement
Long-term
Physical dependence
Withdrawa-nausea, vomiting, pain, misery, etc. l
Chronic toxicity-makes person weak on the inside and outside. Ex: sores, mentally weak, blood-borne diseases.
Tolerance-increase dosage due to increased needs for more of drug., such as with pain.
Opioid Overdose-triad (coma, depressed respiration, and pupils pinpointed.
Addiction
long-term oral intake
increase in morphine
injection of morphine
Recreational Use-used to feel pleasure and relief.
Medical Use-used to treat a variety of pain such as arthritis pain, cancer pain, etc, and can be used as an anesthesia.
Heroin
Morphine sulfate
Prescription Opioids-hydrocodone and oxycodone
inuprofen
aspirin
acetaminophine
fentanyl
Methadone
Oral-pills
Injection
Intramuscular
Intravaneous
FDA Intervention-opioid manufactures required to provide educational materials in effort to combat the high rates of opioid use (nonmedical)
Opioid Ban in Turkey-to reduce heroin production and supply.
Rockefeller Drug Laws-prison sentences for those with a certain amount of possession of heroin.
Supreme Court decision of 1915-declared smuggled opioids a crime.
The Harrison Act-to limit drug use.
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act-to help reverse dependence on opioids.
The Opium Wars-between the Chinese and British and Americans. A sort of game between countries for opium for non-medical needs (to help deal with tobacco effects). Sailors kill Chinese citizen, sparking outrage.
Law Against Opium Smoking (China).
The Opium Exclusion Act-limited opium for smoking (imported opium).
The Heroin Act-heroin production outlawed.
Hallucinations
Altered sounds
anxiety
flashbacks-having a flashback of perceptual alterations.
mood changes
nausea
distorted perceptions
synesthesi-senses intermix and create wild perceptions.
Psilocybin (magic mushrooms)
LSD-most potent and comes from a mold or fungus.
Mescaline-drug in cactus plant(peyote).
Phencyclidine (angel dust)
DMT-a psychedelic compound that is natural.
Ayahuasca-type of tea used in indigenous cultures.
MDMA(molly)
Short-term
dilated pupils
increased heart rate
increased blood pressue
body heat rises
Long-term
Overdose
psychosis
seizures
Severe depression
Recreational Use-to enjoy oneself, to feel good, to see things differently. fairy tale feeling, etc.
Medical Use-to treat some conditions, such as anxiety and schizophrenia.
CIA Research with LSD
Controlled Substance Act- schedule 1 drug
FDA Regulation
Once consumed, the drug alters perceptions and mood
It activates receptors in brain, coming in contact with neurotransmitter receptors.
Stimulates seratonin 2A receptor.
Absorbed in gastrointestinal tract and metabolized in liver.
Oral-by mouth, pills
Sublingual-under tongue
Intravenous
Inhalation
Intramuscular
Hallucinogen
psychotomimetic drug