ATP (adenosine triphosphate)have more predictable rules for which nitrogenous bases are attracted to each other than proteins
includes|: growing, harvesting, transporting, marketing, consumption, and disposal of foodenergy in cells and organisms is carried and stored in different formsthe amount of energy we can get is limited because of limitations
Limitations to the Food System
Natural Resources are Under Pressure
sources of fresh water are running dryexisting water sources are becoming polluted33% of soils are degradedbiodiversity is threatened --> tropical forests disappearing, plants and animals endangeredclimate change intensifies these issues
Too Rich in fat, sugar, salt, and meat
this diet impacts our health and the environmentleads to health diseasesgreen house gas emissions are raised from meat productionfood is less diverse
Malnutrition
794 million people suffer from hunger2 billion people do not get sufficient vitamins and minerals9 billion people over eat, 600 million of these people are obese leading to type 2 diabetes
Waste
a third of food produced is wasted
In plants, sunlight energy is captured as ATPIn consumers enzymes convert the energy consumed into ATP
Autotrophs
organisms that can produce biological molecules from simpler molecules like CO2 and H2O using light or chemical energy
grows new tissue
stores energy in the form of amylose or fatty acids
Heterotrophs
organisms that consume biological molecules to produce energy
Can undergo respiration because of ATP production
Energy carrier
Involved in making proteins
Cofactors in reactions
Internal cell signalling
Heredity/genetic information
Nucleotide
The monomer of nucleic acidsconnected between their phosphate group and a hydroxyl group on the 5-carbon sugar to make a phosphodiester bond.
One or more phosphate functional groups
5-carbon sugar
DNA
the polymer deoxyribonucleic acid
Single strand
made up of 1 polymercan fold up on themselves to make functional shapes.
Double strand
made up of 2 polymersWhen two strands come together, though, they always line up and connect with one strand inverted compared to the other
RNA
the polymer ribonucleic acidused as the genetic molecule in many virusesused to turn off genesfolded in such a way so that the bottom of the molecule can attach to other RNA molecules
Single strand
made up of 1 polymercan fold up on themselves to make functional shapes.
Double strand
made up of 2 polymersWhen two strands come together, though, they always line up and connect with one strand inverted compared to the other
Nitrogenous base
There are 5 common nitrogenous bases: guanine, adenine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
Purines
In RNA purines include adenine and guanineIn DNA purines include adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines
In RNA pyrimidines include cytosine and uracilIn DNA pyrimidines include cytosine and thymine
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideused in reactions that remove hydrogen from another molecule, for example in parts cellular respiration
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate is used in different sets of reactions that remove hydrogen from another molecule, for example in photosynthesis
Flavin adenine dinucleotide used in different sets of reactions that remove hydrogen from another molecule, for example in different parts of cellular respiration
Coenzyme Aused to move a molecule to an enzyme