Transducer & Sensors

 Microwave occupancy detector

 Microwave Doppler motion detector

 Capacitive Occupancy Detectors

 An automotive capacitive intrusion detector

 Capacitive proximity sensor.

 Monopolar Triboelectric motion detector.

 principle of an electromagnetic velocity sensor

 Accelerometer Characteristics

Piezoelectric accelerometers

 Construction

 Principle of Working

Piezoelectric Cables

 Construction

 Principle of Working

Piezoresistive accelerometers

 Construction

 Principle of Working

Thermal accelerometers

Heated-Plate Accelerometer

 Construction

Subtopic

Heated-Gas Accelerometer

 Construction

 Principle of Working

Rotor Gyroscope

 Construction

 Principle of Working

Monolithic Silicon Gyroscopes

 Construction

Subtopic

Optical Gyroscopes

 Construction

 Principle of Working

 Conductive gravitational sensors

 Construction

 Principle of Working

 Optoelectronic inclination sensor

 Construction

 Principle of Working

 Construction

 Principle of Working

 Construction

 Principle of Working

 Enzyme Sensors

 Multisensory Arrays

 Electronics Noses and Tongues

 Current Generators

 Voltage References

 Basic Concepts

 Dual-Slope Converter

 General circuit of a Wheatstone bridge.

 Null-Balanced Bridge

 Temperature Compensation of Resistive Bridge

 General circuit of a bridge temperature compensation

 Temperature compensation of a bridge circuit:
(A) with NTC thermistor;
(B) with a fixed resistor;
(C) with a temperature-controlled voltage source;
(D) with a current source

 Inherent Noise

 Transmitted Noise

 Mechanical Noise

 Seebeck Noise

Shielding

 Electric Shielding

 Magnetic Shielding

 Mechanical Noise

 Ground Planes

 Ground Loops and Ground Isolation

 Conversion from Centigrade to Fahrenheit

 Conversion from Fahrenheit to Centigrade

 principle of working

 Types

 Contact Type

 Non-Contact Type

 Construction

 Types

 Helix strip bimetallic thermometer

 Spiral strip bimetallic thermometer

Selection criteria

calibration

 Advantages and disadvantages

Working

Types

PTC

NTC

 Advantages

 Disadvantages:

 Working principle

Advantages

 Working principle

Advantages

 Manometer basics

 Types

U-tube manometer

Barometer

Inclined manometer

 Meniscus error

 Applications

 Standardization of measurement units

Units

Systems

Resistive Transducers

Capacitance Transducers

Inductance Transducers

Voltage and current Transducers

Self-Generating Transducers

Active Transducers

 Electric charges, fields

 Physical effects

 Triboelectric effect

 Triboelectric effect

 Positive test charge in the vicinity of a charged object

 Electric field of a spherical object

 Electric field around an infinite line

 Near an infinite sheet

 A pointed conductor concentrates an electric field

 Electric dipole

 An electric dipole in an electric field is subjected to a
rotating force

Capacitance

Electric charge and voltage define the capacitance between two objects

 A parallel plate capacitor

 Cylindrical capacitor

 capacitive displacement sensor

 Capacitive water level sensor

Magnetism

 Electric current sets a circular magnetic field around a conductor.

 Faraday’s Law

 Solenoid

 Toroid

 Permanent Magnets

 Induction

 Mutual inductances in solenoids (A) and in a toroid (B).

 Resistance
 Specific Resistivity
 Temperature Sensitivity
 Strain Sensitivity
 Moisture Sensitivity

 Piezoelectric Effect

 Thermal poling of a piezoelectric and pyroelectric material

 Piezoelectric Films

 Pyroelectric Effect

 Working principle

 Pyroelectric sensor and its equivalent circuit

 Hall Effect

 Equivalent circuit of a Hall sensor

 Characteristics of a Linear Hall Effect Sensor

Thermoelectric Effect

 Seebeck and Peltier Effects

 Thermoelectric loop

 Sound Waves

 Light

 Heat Transfer

 Thermal Conduction

 Thermal Convection

Thermal Radiation

 Dynamic Models of Sensor Elements

 Mechanical Elements

 Thermal Elements

 Electrical Elements

 Static

 Sensitivity

 Resolution

 Linearity

 zero drift

 full-scale drift

 range

 repeatability

 reproducibility

 Dynamic

 rise time

 delay time

 peak time

 settling time

 percentage error

 steady-state error

Subtopic

 DC Tachometer Generator

 Construction

EMF Equation

 Advantages & Disadvantages

 AC Tachometer Generator

 Construction

Advantages & Disadvantages

Optical/Photo Tachometers

 Operating Principle

 Advantages

 Uses

 Gas sensing with nano structured thin films

 Nano Optical Sensor

 Nano mechanical sensors

 Structure of Protein

 role of protein in nanotechnology

 using protein in nano devices

 antibodies in sensing

 antibody in nano particle conjugates

 enzymes in sensing

 enzyme nano particle

 Motor proteins in sensing

 transmembrane sensors

 DNA sequencing with nano pores sensors based on molecules with dendritic architectures

 Biomagnetic sensors.