Glucose

Glucose 6-phosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate

Fructose 1,6-biphosphate

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate x2

1,3-biphosphoglycerate x2

3-phosphoglycerate x2

2-phosphoglycerate x2

phospho-enol-pyruvate x2

Pyruvate x2

Lactate

Acetyl CoA

Acetoacetyl CoA

3-Hydroxy-methylglutaryl CoA

Acetoacetate

3-Hydroxybutyrate

Acetoacetate

Acetoacetyl CoA

Acetyl CoA x2

Acetone

CO2

Alanine

Ethanol (not in humans)

Oxaloacetate

Malate

Fumarate

Succinate

Succinyl CoA

α-ketoglutarate

Isocitrate

Citrate

Citrate

Ocaloacetate

Acteyl-CoA

Malonyl CoA

Fatty Acid Synthase

Condensation

Reduction

Dehydration

Reduction

Palmitic Acid C16

Fatty Acid

Fatty Acid-Acyl CoA

Acylcarnitine

Acylcarnitine

CoA

Phosphatidic Acid

Diglyceride

Diacylglyceride (DAG)-CDP
(Lecithin or sphingosine)

Catabolism

Phospholipase A2
(mammals)

Phospholipase A1
(mammals)

Phospholipase D
(plants)

Phospholipase C
(mammals and bacteria)

Phosphate

2x COASH

CoA

Glycolipids

NADPH

NADPH

Glutamate
Glutamine
Arginine
Histidine
Proline

δ-AminoLevulinic Acid

Porphobilinogen

CoA and Glycine (?)

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate

6-Phosphogluconolactone

Fructose 2,3 biphosphate

Dihydoxyacetone phosphate

Glycerol-3-phosphate

2-Monoacylglyecerol

Glycerol

1,2 Diacylglycerol

Triacylglycerol

Diacylglycerol

Phosphatidic Acid

Glycerol-3-Phosphate

α-ketoglutarate

glutamate

NH3

Carbamoyl Phosphate

Citrulline

Argininosuccinate

Arginine

Ornithine

Urea

Guanidoacetate

Creatine

Creatine phosphate

P

Creatinine

Urine

Peeeeeeeeeee

H2O

Fumarate

NADH

NAD+

FAD2+

FADH2

GDP

GTP

NADH

NAD+

NAD+

NADH

Krebs Cycle

Glycogen

Glucose-1-phosphate

UDP Glucose

UDP-Glucuronate

Glycoaminoglycans

D Glucoronic Acid

L-Xylulose

UDP Galactose

NADP+

NADPH

Acetyl CoA

Acetyl CoA

NADH

NAD+

Succinyl CoA

Succinate

CoA

Muscle Tissue

Liver Tissue

Pentose Pathway Shunt

NADP+

6-phosphogluconate

Ribulose 5-phosphate

Xylulose-5-phosphate

NADPH

NADH

NAD+

Acetyl CoA

Ethanol

Acetaldehyde

acetate

NAD+

NAD+

NADH

NADH

ATP

AMP

CoA

CO2

Simplified Glucuronic Acid Shit

ATP

ADP

ATP,
NADH

CO2

CO2

ATP,
Succinyl CoA,
NADH

Ketogenesis

Alcohol Metabolism

ATP

ADP

UTP

PPi

Fructose

Fructose-1-phosphate

Glyceraldehyde

Lactose

Galactose

Galactose-1-phosphate

ATP

ADP

H2O

Glucose

CO2

H2O

CO2

UREA CYCLE

ATP

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

ADP

NAD+

NADH

Glutamate

α-ketoglutarate

Glutamine

NH3

NAD+

NADH

NADH

NAD+

Glutamate Dehdrogenase

NH3

ATP?

ADP

H2O

Alanine Aminotransferase ALAT = GPT

α-ketoglutarate

Glutarate

Aspartate

Oxaloacetate

Aspartate Aminotransferase ASAT = GOT

Glucogenic:
-Glycine
-Alanine (major)
-Serine
-Cysteine
-Threonine
-Tryptophan

Isoleucine
Methionine
Threonine
Valine

Phenylalanine

Tyrosine

4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate

Homogentisate

4-Maleylacetoacetate

4-Fumarylacetoacetate

Acetoacetate

Dihydroxy Phenylalanine (DOPA)

DOPA-Quinone

Melanin

L-DOPA

Dopamine

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

T3

T4

Deficiency: Phenyketonuria

Deficiency: Tyrosinemia II (Occulucutaneous)

Deficiency: Alkaptonuria

Deficiency: Tyrosinemia III (Neonatal)

Deficiency: Tyrosinemia I (Hepatorenal)

NADPH

NADP+

Deficiency: Albinism

O2

O2

Aspaargine

Isoleucine
Leucine
Tryptophan

Leucine
Lycine
Phenylalanine
tryptophan
Tyrosine

Ketogenic Amino Acids

Glycine

Ornithine

ATP + SAM

S-Adenosylhomocysteine +
ADP

ADP + P

ATP

CREATINE

Catecholamine Synthesis

Melanin Synthesis

δ-AminoLevulinic Acid

Porphobilinogen

Hydroxymethylbilane

Uroporphyrinogen III

Vitamin B12

Chlorophyl

Protoporphyrin IX

Heme

Heme

Biliverdin

Unconjugated Bilirubin

Albumin-Bilirubin Complex

Unconjugated Bilirubin

Conjugated Bilirubin (Diglucuronide)

Urobilinogen

Stercobilin

Urobilinogen

Porphobilinogen

Porphobilinogen

Glycine

In Macrophages

In the Blood

In the Liver

In the intestines

Kidneys

O2

NADPH

NADP

NADPH

NADP

2 X UDP-Glucuronic Acid

2 x UDP

Stool

Heme Synthesis

Heme Degradation

Fe3+, CO

Deficiency

Deficiency

Deficiency

Deficiency

Deficiency

10X more activity

Glycolysis

GLUCONEOGENISIS

Rapoport-Luebering Cycle

Deficiency

Deficiency

ATP

ADP

Fatty Acid-Acyl CoA

Glycerol

α-glycerophosphate

Choline or Ethanolamine

CDP-Choline or CDP-Ethanolamine

Malate

Oxaloacetate

x2 ATP

2x ADP

H2O

CoA

Carnitine

Cytosol

FAD

FADH2

H2O

NAD

NADH

Acetyl CoA

Acetyl CoA

Rate Limiting Step

ATP

ADP

Farnesyl Diphosphate

H2O

H2O

Ribose-5-phosphate

Fructose-6-phosphate

Glycerinaldehyde-3-phosphate

Phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate PRPP

PURINE SYNTHESIS (Adenine, Guanine)

IMP (inosine monophosphate) = parent of purines

Gutamine

Glycine

Aspartate

AMP (Adenosine-monophosphate)

GMP (Guanosine monophosphate)

Adenylosuccinate

Xanthosine monophosphate

CO2

GDP

ADP

GTP

ATP

- ATP

-ATP

-ATP

-ATP

Guanine

Adenosine

Hypoxanthine

Inosine

Xanthine

Uric acid

PURINE DEGRADATION

Formyl FH

urine

HGPRT

HGPRT

Adenin

APRT

PURINE SALVAGE PATHWAY (Wiederverwertung)

IMP, AMP, GMP do not need de novo synthesis at all (only salvage pathway)

Glutamine

Glutamate

HCO3-

2 ATP

2 ADP

H2O

Carbamoylphosphate

Carbamoyl aspartate

Dihydroorotate (DHO)

Orotate

OMP "parent of pyrimidines"

UMP

UDP

UTP

CTP

CTP

CDP

dCDP

dCMP

dUDP

dUMP

dTMP

dTDP

PYRIMIDINE SYNTHESIS

ATP

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

ADP

Glutamine

Glutamate

P

Uridine
Cytidine

UMP
CMP

Deoxythymidine

dTMP

Deoxyctidine

dCMP

Uracil
Thymine
Orotic Acid

UMP
dTMP
OMP

ATP

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATP

ADP

PPRP

PP

Salvage Pathway

Fatty Acid Syntehsis

Phospholipid Synthesis (in microsomes)

Beta Oxidation

Cholesterol Synthesis

Serine too?

Methionine

Deficiency

Deficiency

Deficiency

Triglyceride Synthesis

Lipolysis

HCO3

Activation

Carnitine

Lysin
Methionine

Fatty Acid-Acyl CoA

Trans-2-Enoyl CoA

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA

3-Ketoacyl CoA

C14 Acyl-CoA

Acetyl CoA

Acetoacertyl CoA

3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl CoA

Mevaolnate

Mevalonate-5-Phosphate

5 Pyrophosphomevalonate

Isopentylyl Pyrophosphate

Farnesyl Diphosphate

Squalene

Squaline 2,3 Epoxide

Lanosterol

Zymosterol

Desmosterol

Cholesterol

Mitochondria

Cytosol

Deficiency

Deficiency

Deficiency

D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate
(to pentose shunt)

Deficiency

Deficiency

Deficiency

Pyruvate

Lactate !!

PRPP amidotransferase

Fe2+

Aspartate

Pi

NAD

NADH

Aspartate

Pi

PRPP

In the Liver

Outside the Liver

Proprionate

precursors: lysine + methionine