CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES

Oxford's (1990)

INDIRECT STRATEGIES

Metacognitive Strategies

A. Centering your learning

Arranging and planning your learning

Evaluating your learning

Affective Strategies

Encouraging yourself

Lowering your anxiety

Taking your emotional temperature

Social Strategies

Asking questions

Emphathising with others

Cooperating with others

DIRECT STRATEGIES

Memory

-Creating mental linkages
-Applying images and sounds
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-Reviewing well
-Employing action

Cognitive

-Practising
-Receiving and sending
messages strategies
-Analysing and reasoning
-Creating structure for
input and output

Compensation strategies

-Guessing intelligently
-Overcoming limitations
in speaking and writing

O'Malley's (1985)

Meta-cognitive
Strategies

-to express
executive function
-strategies which require
planning for learning
-thinking about the
learning process as it is
taking place
-monitoring of one's
production or comprehension
-evaluating learning after an
activity is completed.

Cognitive
Strategies

specific learning tasks
that involve more direct
manipulation of the
learning material itself

Socioaffective
Strategies

related with
social-
mediating
activity and
transacting
with others.

Rubin's (1987)

Social Strategies

activities that afford
learners the opportunities to
be exposed to and practise
their knowledge

Learning Strategies

Cognitive Learning Strategies

Clarification / Verification
Guessing / Inductive Inferencing
Deductive Reasoning
Practice
Memorization
Monitoring

Metacognitive Learning Strategies

planning
prioritising
setting goals
self-management

Communication Strategies

focus on the process of participating in a conversation and getting meaning
across

clarifying what the speaker intended