VIEWPOINT OF COGNITIVISM
How does transfer occur? (Transfer is a function of how information is stored in memory - Schunk,1991)
Transfer refers to knowledge being applied in new ways, in new situations with different content
Learner needs to understand the connection between the usefulness of the information before assessing the knowledge
Not only the knowledge be stored in memory but the uses of that knowledge as well.
Select relevant information
Rehearse the information and start putting this gained information into context from previous acquired knowledge
Constructing a meaning to the information being processed
What basic assumption/principles of this theory are relevant to instructional design?
The use of feedback
cognitivists make use of feedback (knowledge of results) to guide and support accurate mental connections.
Cognitivists look at the learner to determine his/her predisposition to learning
Cognitivists examine the learner to determine how to design instruction so that it can be readily assimilated
People learn through practice and feedback opportunities
computer simulations
Emphasis on the active involvement of the learner in the learning process
Learner control, meta cognitive training (e.g., self-planning,
monitoring, and revising techniques)
Use of hierarchical analyses to identify and illustrate prerequisite relationships
Cognitive task analysis procedures
Emphasis on structuring, organizing, and sequencing information to facilitate optimal processing
Use of cognitive strategies such as
outlining, summaries, synthesizers, advance organizers, etc.
Creation of learning environments that allow and encourage students to make connections with previously learned material
Recall of prerequisite skills; use of relevant examples, analogies
What types of learning are best explained by this position?
appropriate for explaining complex forms of learning
Reasoning
Problem-solving
information-processing
effectiveness and efficiency of knowledge transfer are simplification and standardization.
How should instruction be structured?
based on a student’s existing mental structures, or schema, to be effective
organize information so that learners are able to connect new information with existing knowledge
Using other cognitive theories
framing
outlining
mnemonics
concept mapping
rehearsal
mind map