Diversity of Life

Eukarya= Any organisms containing cells each with a distinct nucleus within which the genetic material is containedCharacteristics:Has cells with their own nuclei Contains genetic material in the nucleus Contains membrane bound organelleLarger and more complex than prokaryote

Most diverse kingdomAll protists are aquaticMay be heterotrophic or autotrophicMotileMost are unicellular/ some may be multicellularLarge, complex cells, with many organellesMove using pseudopods, cilia or flagellaCan reproduce both asexually or sexuallyGrouping (Plant like, Animal like, Fungus like) based on their behaviours

Feeding characteristsics:Target slow moving prey as they move at a slow paceSurround the prey by extending part of the cell and creating a mouth openningEncloses the prey preventing it from escaping and it is eatenMost cells also carry a contractile vacuole that gets rid of the excess water within each cell**Animal like protists are heterotrophic, meaning they are unable to produce their own food, being the reason they hunt for their food**

Movement patterns:As a portion of the cell moves forward, creating a foot like shape, the rest of the cell follows in behind the "false foot"

Movement patterns:The paramecium have cilia covered pellicle that are equivalent to tiny oars, allowing the cell to move

Movement patterns:Zooflagellates are able to move through the wiggling of the flagella back and forth

Movement patterns:Sporozoan are not motile. This means they are unable to move themselvesThey must rely on other organisms to carry and distribute them

Feeding characteristsics:**Plant like protists are autotrophicProduce its own foodNo hunting requiredRetrieve their energy from sunlight through photosythesis

Feeding characteristsics:Similar to fungi, fungus like protists decompose materials found around that are already in the process of decayingThey obtain all nutrients required from his process

EukaryoticHeterotrophCannot produce own food and must absorb it (chemoheterotrophic)Reproduce through sporesReproduction is both sexual and asexualAre typically not motileAlteration of generationhave cell walls made up of chitinFungus reproduction: 

Reproductive structure:Asexual reproductionNon motile spores are produced at the tipsThis process produces more fungus

Characteristics:MulticellularPhotosynthetic (contain chlorophyll)Alternation of generationsDevelop from embryosStored in maternal tissue from a multicellular structureProduct of sexual fusion

Vascular tissue is presentLive in moist habitatsContain leaves called frondsSporophyte is dominant

Gametophyte in reducedReproduction replaces sperm with pollinationZygote is protected in a seed

Flowering plantsReproduction takes place within the flowerSporophyte is dominant

Naked seed (not coved with fruit)Sporophyte produces both male and female cones

Characteristics:Heterotrophic DiploidMulticellularDeveloped from a blastula (except sponges)

AsymmetricalNo tissueLacks skeletonMade of spiculeAsexual and sexual reproduciton

Two body formsGastrovascular cavityRadical symmetryNematocysts2 tissue layers

Bilaterally symmetrical with a head and a tailCentralized nervous systemThree tissue layersAcoelomate ( no body cavity)No hard skeletonNo circulatory system

Bilateral symmetryComplete digestive tractPseudocoelomate- body cavity

Digestove tractBody segmentationSegmentation= repeated body unitsCoelomClosed circulatory system

Hard exoskeleton made of chitin and proteinNumerous jointed appendagesSegmented bodyMust molt to grow

Body planVisceral mass with complex internal organsMantle covers visceral mass (may secrete a shell)Foot is modified for functions including locomotion, feeding and attachmentRadula= rough structure near the mouth used for scraping foodMost have shellsCoelom

Marine speciesLarval form shows bilateral symmetryAdult for shows radial symmetryCoelomUnique body shape

Characteristics:Dorsal nerve cordNotochordPaired gill slitsPost-anal tail

Vertebrate characteristics:Spinal column or backbone Anterior part of the dorsal hollow nerve cord is a brain3 body segments: Head, Neck, TrunkHas a tail once in their lifetimeA jointed internal skeletonTwo pairs of appendages Closed circulatory system REd blood cells that contain hemoglobin Two to four chambered heartRespiratory structure: Lungs or gillsTwo layered skin

External fertilization

Chondrichthyes have adapted internal fertilization, allowing the embryo to remain inside the female

Amphibians have adapted over time to live on land. They have evolved with protective skin and eyelids that allow them to adapt to vision outside of the water

Reptiles have adapted dry skin covered with scales or bony plates to minimise water lossTheir eggs have shell for protection and to survive on terrestrial places They have strong limbs and tail to catch their prey.

The beaks shape and size has been adapted depending on the destint environment where they must catch their food

Some mammals have adapted to extremem climates through hibernationSome mammals who live in extreme heat conditions have adapted to only need very small amounts of water Sweat less

Characteristics: Lay eggs equivalent to human child birthHave no nipplesYoung suck milk from th fur of the parent organism

Marsupials do not lay eggsThe mother has a mrsupial pouch where the embryotic developement takes placeEx. Kangaroo

Cells lack a defined nucleusNo membrane bound organelles

Archaeans include inhabitants of some of the most extreme environments on the planet.Some live near rift vents in the deep sea at temperatures well over 100 degrees Centigrade.Others live in hot springsOr in extremely alkaline or acid waters.Found thriving inside the digestive tracts of cows termites, and marine life where they produce methane.They live in the anoxic muds of marshesBottom of the oceanThrive in petroleum deposits deep underground.

Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotesLack of membrane- bound organellesMicroscopic in size

Includes majority of the bacteriaNo indefinate membrane nucleus