simple sugars

linear/ ring

alpha/beta^

cellulose is an example of beta glucose
gylcogen/starch is an example of alpha glucose

Subtopic

structural

cellulose and chitin
are examples of
structural glucose

storage

glycogen, starch and dextron are
examples or storage glucose

glycosdic linkages

polymers

condensation reaction ^

hydrolysis

Water Balance

Isotonic Solution
No net water movement

Hypertonic Solution
Cell loses water

Hypotonic Solution
Cell gains water

Integral
Anchored to the
Membrane

Transport proteins

Passive Transport

Facilitated Diffusion

Channel Proteins
Provide channels that allow
specific molecules to cross

Carrier Proteins
Change in shape translocates
solute binding site across
membrane

Active Transport

Sodium Potassium pump
Transports Na+ and K+ Ions

Bulk Transport
Large molecules
cross membrane in bulk

Transmembranes

Secondary structure
that contains:

N-Terminus

C-terminus

Alpha Helixes

amino acids

amino grouo
main chain
carboxyl group

Peripheral
Inserted inside
the membrane

Enzymatic proteins
Storage
Defense
transportation
hormonal proteins
contractile/motor proteins
receptors
structural

fatty acids

unsaturated

is solid at room temperature
no double covalent bonds

cis/trans isomers
(known for it's kink)

saturated

is liquid at room temperature
1 or more covalent bonds

Phospholipids

triglycerides

steroids

Pili

Capsule

more versetile, more variations

contain peptidoglycan in cell walls

cell wall is made of lipids

types

halophiles

thermophiles

methanogens

DNA

Cytoplasm

cell membrane

ribosomes

flagella

choloroplasts

large vacuole

cell wall

photosynthesis

centriole

cellular respiration

Subtopic

Subtopic

DNA/RNA

complimentary base pairing

A=G and C=T

double helix shaped

nucleictides

has a phospate, 5 carbon sugar
and a nitrogenous base

can survive in high temperature environments

structural support, storage

adhesion, protection

genetic material

which is taking away water to
add polymers together

can survive in extreme saline environments

produce methane gas

IN ANIMAL CELLS:
Hypo-> Lysed
Iso-> Normal
Hyper-> Shriveled
IN PLANT CELLS:
Hypo-> Normal
Iso-> Flaccid
Hyper-> Plasmolyzed

breaks down waste with digestive enzymes

this adds water to break bonds

sends out proteins to different parts of the cell

Phospholipids are
amphipathic

movement, attachment, transferring of DNA

produce and create proteins, including folding it into the different structures

structure

break down fatty acids

generates ATP (energy) for the cell

movement

polysaccharides are made up of 100
monosaccharides with gylcosdic linkages
some examples of polysacc. are=
amylose
amylopetin
glycogen
cellulose

contributes to mitosis and mieosis

protection, transportation in and out of cell

fatty acids are composed of
Triglycerides. These acids use
ester linkages for bondage

aid in photosynthesis

gel-like liquid that fills the cell

Glucose most recognizable shapes are linear and
ring. These structures can have alpha/beta OH groups.
Alpha OH groups are pointing downward while Beta OH group are pointing upward.

contains genetic material

produce protiens

converting carbon dioxide into oxygen

Cytoplasm
gel-like liquid that
fills the cell

the chloroplast is the site for photosynthesis

converting sunlight, CO2, and water into energy^

Subtopic^

Unsaturated fatty acid hydrocarbon tails
lipids are compact creating a viscus, gel-like
state -> limits transportation

Saturated fatty acid hydrocarbon tails
Allows for more fluidity of lipids
within the membrane

DNA/RNA are both used for gene expression
Complimentary base pairing are important in DNA.
Nucleictides use phoshodiester bonds/linkages

produces lipids and steroids