Cells

Plasmid

spreads antibiotic resistants' across the body

Lysosomes

digests macromolecules

Cell Wall

protective layer located outside the plasma membrane

Ribosomes

site for proteins synthesis in cytoplasm

Plasma membrane

Lipids

Phospholipid Bilayer

Glycolipids

Cholesterol

Proteins

Channel Proteins

Carrier Proteins

protein structures

secondary

hydrogen bonds

tertiary

quaternary

hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces between nonpolar side chains.

primary

peptide bonds

Carbohydrates

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

synthesizes lipids

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

produces proteins

Chloroplast

site of photosynthesis, production of energy

Peroxisomes

removes hydrogen atoms from certain molecules

Vacuoles

pump excess water out of the cell

Centrioles

organizes microtubules

Cytoskeleton

Microtubules

Cell shape, facilitates chromosome movement, cilia and flagella

Microfilaments

Myosin and actin, muscle contraction, resists external tension

Intermediate Filaments

anchorage of nucleus, lamina formation

Golgi apparatus

modifies and stores proteins

Junctions between cells

Tight Junctions

Cemented by proteins, nothing goes through

Gap Junctions

Everything goes through

Desmosomes

Semi-permeable, certain molecules go through

Plasmodesmata

Everything goes through

Eukaryotic

Flagellum

enables movement

Mitochondria

site for cellular respiration, production of energy

Fimbriae

allows prokaryotes to attach to other cells

Pili

links cells to each other during conjugation

Endospores

aids survival of bacteria during harsh conditions

Nucleoid

Storage of the chromosome in prokaryote cells

Prokaryotic

Cytoplasm

functions for cell growth replication and expansion happen here

Glycocalyx

serves as a barrier between the cell and the things around it.

Nucleus

stores genetic information

Selectively permeable

Hydrophilic head, Hydrophobic tail

Saturated fatty acids: increases viscosity

Unsaturated fatty acids: increases fluidity

Hydrogen Bonding

Ionic bonding

Dipole-Dipole Interactions

London dispersion forces

Basic R Group

Acidic R Group

Polar R Groups

Nonpolar R Groups

Cell Signaling

Synaptic Signaling

Calcium Channel opens

Calcium causes vesicles to attach at membrane and release neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitter binds to adjacent neurotransmitter and depolarization occurs

Membrane Receptors

Using G Protein-Coupled
Receptor (GPCR)

Signal molecule is bound
to the extracellular receptor
of the GPCR

Using Tyrosine Kinase

Signal molecules bind to the
receptor of two inactive tyrosine
kinase protein monomers

The unphosphorylated dimer becomes
phosphorylated (fully activated) ,

Inactive relay proteins bind to phosphate
groups on the dimer and become active when there a total of 6 phosphates (3 on each side of molecule)

Active enzyme catalyzes phosphorylation within the cell

Plasma membrane receptors with enzymatic activity.

Phosphate group is added to GDP to form GTP; protein is now activated

G protein diffuses along the membrane
and binds to an inactive enzyme

Adenyl Cyclase catalyzes ATP into cAMP

Protein Kinase A, B (etc.) form sequentially

Sequence stops when cAMP is converted to AMP by phosphodiesterase

cAMP (second messenger) binds to Protein Kinase

DNA

Replication

Replication bubble

Leading strand

Lagging strand

Structure

Deoxyribose-phosphate backbone

Nitrogenous bases

Purines

Adenine

Guanine

Pyrimidines

Unique to RNA

Uracil

Cytosine

Thymine

DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides in 5'-3' direction

DNA polymerase I removes primer and adds new DNA

Topoisomerase stabilizes upcoming strands

DNA polymerases add nucleotides to parent strands

DNA Primase synthesizes RNA primers using original strands

Helicase unwinds and unzips complementary strands

Ligase seals gaps in fragments

Okazaki fragments

TRANSCRIPTION

Prokaryotes

occurs in the cytoplasm

INITIATION

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter resulting in new RNA 5'-3'

DNA unwinds and RNA synthesis starts at start point of the template strand

ELONGATION

New RNA nucleotides are added to 3' end of growing chain

condensation/dehydration occur using RNA polymerase

New nucleotides are added in 5' to 3'. Once RNA polymerase reaches termination site, transcription stops

TERMINATION

proceeds through terminator sequence in DNA

transcribed terminator functions terminator signal

polymerase detaches from DNA releasing the transcript

RNA SPLICING

pre mRNA with 5’cap and 3’polyA tail

RNA processing

introns are removed and exons are joined together to form a mature mRNA

TRANSLATION

INITIATION

Prokaryotes

occurs in the cytoplasm

small ribosomal unit binds to mRNA, initiator tRNA base pairs with the start codon (in the P site), and the large subunit binds to form translation initiation complex

Ribosomal subunits=
70S (50S + 30S)

ELONGATION

initiator tRNA sits in the P site
and carries the amino acid Met

carry fMet (formal methionine)

GTP is hydrolysized

aminoacyl tRNA base pairs with
complimentary mRNA codon in
the A site

peptide bonds form between the
polypeptides carried by the tRNAs

tRNAs shift to the left, so that the P site
tRNA is now in the E site, and A site is
now in the P site

new aminoacyl tRNA is brought into
the A site to repeat the process

TERMINATION

a stop codon is reached in the A site,
so a release factor sits in the site

the complete polypeptide is freed and the complex is dissociated, stopping translation

carry Met (methionine)

Ribosomal subunits=
80S (60S + 40S)

Eukaryotes

RNA Polymerase II transcribes polyadenylation signal sequence

AAUAAA specified in pre-mRNA

six RNA nucleotides appears and are bound by certain proteins in the nucleus.

10–35 nucleotides downstream from the AAUAAA signal

RNA transcript is set free from the polymerase releasing the pre-mRNA

RNA Polymerase II and transcription factors bind to the promoter resulting in new RNA 5'-3'

Eukaryotes

occurs in the nucleus

TRANSPORTATION

Protein Synthesis

The peptides move from the ER

The protein is then packaged into a transport vesicle

Protein is delivered to the cis face of the golgi

Protein is folded to its correct 3-D shape

Folded protein is packed into another transport vesicle on the trans face of the golgi

Vesicle is delivered to the plasma membrane and secreted from the cell

Free ribosomes can enter other organelles

Mitochondria

nucleus

peroxisomes

cholorplast (plant cell)

Examples of secreted proteins

Digestive enzymes

Amylase

Peptide hormones

Insulin

Milk proteins

Casein

Serum proteins

Albumin

Extracellular matrix proteins

Collagen

Aids in transport

Passive Transport

Osmosis

Facilitated Diffusion

Simple Diffusion

Active Transport

Endocytosis

pinocytosis

receptor-mediated

phagocytosis

Exocytosis

Cotransport

Electrogenic Pump