Induction: Is a method of reasoning in which you use individual ideas or facts to give you a general rule or conclusion.
Deduction: the action of deducting or subtracting something
Falsification: A scientific philosophy based on the requirement that hypotheses must be falsifiable in order to be scientific, if a claim is not able to refuted it is not a scientific claim.
Epistemology: the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes belief from opinion.
Empiricism: the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense/experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, expounded in particular by John Locke, George Barkley and David Hume.
What is reality? Reality is our everyday lives- how
we perceive them to be. Everyone has their own different
realities. It is all that is real and of existence.
How do we know what we know? For most of us, we believe
what we do, because of our knowledge. Our knowledge is often formed from our personal beliefs and opinions.
Realism vs Anti realism: Debates about scientific realism concern the extent to which someone is allowed to believe that science will tell us what the world is really like. Realists are usually optimistic, while anti realists are not.
Evolution vs Intelligent Design: Evolution is the tale of nothing becoming everything, while intelligent design allows for meaning, purpose and creativity.