LLS Typology

It is according to purpose and use and based on research on cognitive & educational psychology.

Direct

Have direct impact with target language and require mental processing

Memory

Cognitive

Compensation

Indirect

Provide indirect support to language learning

Metacognitive

Social

Affective

It is related to psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic aspects

cognitive

Focuses on learning & manipulating learning materials continuously

Example: Resourcing, Grouping, Note-taking, Summarizing

Metacognitive

Involves planning, thinking, monitoring & evaluating learning

Example: Advanced Organization, Advance preparation, Organizational planning, Self-monitoring, Self-evaluation

Social Affective

Medium for social activities and interaction

Example: Asking for clarification, cooperation, self talk

It is based on influence of learning environment, setting and atmosphere.

Classroom LLS

Example: Sitting near to proficient students, asking for clarification, answer silently to oneself

Out-of-class LLS

Conversing with parents at home, discussing with friends after class, watch movies

Exam LLS

Joining group discussion, doing exercises in workbooks, memorising essay format