MINDMAP CHAPTER 4 (JOINTS)

- Fibrous joints that can absorb shock but permit little / no movement of the articulating bones

Sutures

- Irregularly grooved articulating bone sheets mate closely & are tightly connected by fibers

- Sutures of the skull

Syndesmoses

Dense fibrous tissue binds the bones together, permitting extremely limited movementopic

- Coracoacromial, Midradioulnar

- cartilaginous joint attenuate applied forces & permit more motion of the adjoining bones than synarthrodial joint

1.2.1. Synchondroses

- the articulating bones are held together by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage

- sternocostal joints

1.2.2. Symphyses

- thin plates of hyaline cartilage separate a disc of fibrocartilage from the bones

- vertebral joints

1.3.1. Gliding (plane; arthrodial)

- the articulating bone surfaces are nearly flat, & the only movement permitted is non-axial gliding

- intermetatarsal, intercarpal, & intertarsal joints

1.3.2. Hinge (ginglymus)

- strong collateral ligament restrict movement to a planar, hinge like motion

- ulnohumeral & interphalangeal joints

1.3.4. Condyloid (ovoid; ellipsoidal)

- articulating bone surface is an ovular convex shape

- 2nd through 5th metacarpophalangeal joints

1.3.5. Saddle (sellar)

- articulating bone surfaces are both shaped like the seat of riding saddle in these joints

- carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

1.3.6. Ball & socket (spheroidal)

- the surfaces of the articulating bones are reciprocally convex & concave

- hips & shoulder joints

6.6.1. Risk of injury is high when joint flexibility is extremely low, extremely high, or significantly imbalanced between dominant & non-dominant side of the body.

6.6.2. Extremely loose, lax joint is lacking in stability &, therefore, prone to displacement-related injuries

6.6.3. Large, bulky muscles may inhibit joint ROM.

6.6.4. Decrease physical activity lessen the flexibility

2.1. A special type of dense, white connective tissue and provides a protective lubrication

2.2. A soft, porous, and permeable tissue

2.3. The roles are to:

2.3.1. It spreads loads at the joint over a wide area, the amount of stress at any contact point between the bones is reduced

2.3.2. Allows movement of the articulating bones at the joint with minimal friction and wear

3.1. Fibrocartilaginous disc or partial discs known as menisci, also present between the articulating bones

3.2. Roles of menisci:

3.2.1. Distribution of loads over the joint surfaces.

3.2.2. Improvement of the fit of the articulating surfaces.

3.2.3. Limitation of translation or slip of one bone with respect to another.

3.2.4. Protection of the periphery of the articulation.

3.2.5. Lubrication

3.2.6. Shock absorption

4.1. Tendons, which connect muscles to bones and ligaments, which connect bones to other bones.

4.2. Both are passive tissues comprised primarily of collagen and elastic fibers.

4.3. Both do not have the ability to contract like muscles tissue, but they are slightly extensible.

4.4. Elastic and will return to their original length after being stretched unless they are stretched beyond their elastic limits

6.1.1. a term representing the relative ranges of motion allowed at a joint.

6.2.1. angle through which a joint move from anatomical position to the extreme limit of segment motion in a particular direction

6.3.1. Measured directionally in units of degrees.

6.3.2. In anatomical position, all joints are considered to be at zero degrees

6.4.1. Goniometer – a protractor with two arms

6.4.2. Electrogoniometer – used for monitoring changes in joint angle during the performance of different activities.

6.4.3. Leighton flexometer – to measure changes in the orientation of a body segment, which consists of a weighted needle attached to a 360°-scale

7.1.1. Caused by abnormal displacement or twisting of the articulating bones that results in stretching or tearing of ligaments, tendons, & connective tissues crossing the joint.

7.1.2. Pain & swelling are the symptoms of joint sprains

7.2.1. Displacement of the articulating bones at a joint.

7.2.2. Usually result from falls or other mishaps involving a large magnitude of force.

7.2.3. Common sites for dislocations:

7.2.3.1. Shoulders, fingers, knees, elbows, & Jaw

7.2.4. Symptoms

7.2.4.1. Visible deformity, pain, swelling, & usually some loss of joint movement capability

7.3.1. Overuse injury caused by excessive use of a joint that produces frictional irritation & inflammation of one or more bursae.

7.3.2. Symptoms

7.3.2.1. Pain & possibly some swelling

7.4.1. Pathology involving joint inflammation accompanied by pain & swelling.

7.4.2. Extremely common with aging.

7.5.1. Most painful form of arthritis.

7.5.2. Autoimmune disorder that involves the body’s immune system attacking healthy tissues.

7.5.3. Common in adults.

7.5.4. Characteristic

7.5.4.1. Inflammation & thickening of the synovial membranes & breakdown of the articular cartilage.

7.5.5. Symptoms

7.5.5.1. Anemia, fatigue, muscular atrophy, osteoporosis, & other systemic changes

7.6.1. Common form of non-inflammatory degenerative arthritis.

7.6.2. Early stage of the disorder:

7.6.2.1. The joint cartilage loses its smooth glistening appearance & become rough & irregular.

1.1.1. Symptoms

7.6.2.2. Pain, swelling, range of motion (ROM) restriction, & stiffness.

7.6.3. Unknown causes