Unit 4 - Animal Systems
Respiratory System
Respiration
Processes involved in bringing oxygen
into the body, making it available to
each cell, and eliminating carbon
dioxide as waste.
process
Inspiration
- Diaphragm moves downward & contracts
- Rib cage moves up and out
- Volume of chest cavity increases
- Air pressure lowers
Expiration
- The diaphragm moves upward & relaxes
- The rib cage moves in and out
- The volume of chest cavity decreases
- Air pressure increase
Gas Exchange
Oxygen Transport at the Tissue Level
Oxygen from the air diffuses from the alveoli into red blood cells in the capillaries.
The oxygenated blood travels from the lungs to the heart.
The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body's tissues.
Oxygen diffuses from the red blood cells into the tissues, providing them with oxygen.
Carbon Dioxide Transport at the Tissue
Level
In the tissues, carbon dioxide (CO2) moves from the tissues into the red blood cells (attached to hemoglobin).
The deoxygenated blood travels to the heart.
The heart pumps the deoxygenated blood (now with CO2) to the lungs.
In the lungs, CO2 diffuses from the red blood cells into the alveoli.
CO2 is exhaled out of the body.
Nasal Cavity:
Function: It is the entryway of the respiratory system. When you breathe in, the hair (called cilia) and mucus inside your nose help filter out impurities like dirt, bacteria.
Nostrils - the openings
of your nose where air
enters
-Impurities in air, such as
dirt and bacteria, are filtered by hair
and mucus in your nose.
Pharynx (The back of the throat)
Function: The passageway for food and air. always open except when you swallow.
Structure: hollow, muscular tube
Larynx:
Function:
- voice box, air passes through here, where your vocal cords vibrate to
- produce sounds (your voice)
Trachea:
Function: It is the tube that carries air from your mouth and nose down to your lungs, helping you breathe
Structure:
- Made of C-shaped cartilage rings that keep the trachea open and allow airflow.
- Lined with cilia, tiny hair-like structures that help push mucus and debris out of the lungs.
Bronchus (pl. Bronchi)
- The 2 air tubes that
connect the trachea to the
lungs
- The trachea “forks” into
the 2 bronchi
Bronchioles:
Function: Small branches that come from the bronchi and lead to the tiny air sacs in the lungs called alveoli
Structure: surrounded by smooth muscles that contract or relax to control the size of the airways.
Alveoli:
Function:
The alveoli are where gas exchange occurs in the lungs. It provides a large surface area for gas exchange.
Structure:
Tiny, balloon-like sacs at the end of the bronchioles. Clustered together like bunches of grapes.
The Lungs
Function:
Responsible for breathing. Takes in oxygen from the air, remove carbon dioxide from the blood and helps oxygenate the body.
Structure:
A nonmuscular organ filled with bronchial tubes, bronchioles, and alveoli for gas exchange. It’s also surrounded by pleural membranes and protected by the rib cage.
Diaphragm
Function:
A dome-shaped muscle under the lungs that helps with breathing by moving down to let the lungs expand and up to push air out.
Structure:
Large, flat muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. It’s located beneath the lungs.
Digestive System
Digestion
Chemical Digestion:
enzymes break down food into
macromolecules and nutrients
Mechanical Digestion: breaking
food into smaller pieces and the
physical movement of food
ORAL CAVITY
The Mouth:
- food gets lubricated and broken
into smaller pieces and food is called
a bolus
The Teeth:
- mechanical digestion; incisors for cutting,
canines for tearing, premolars for grinding,
molars for crushing
The Tongue:
- moves food mouth, helps move food towards throat for swallowing
The Salivary Glands:
- makes saliva.
Esophagus:
- food tube leading from the pharynx
(back of throat) to the stomach
- have sphincters at each end to prevent food from going in the wrong direction
- moves bolus through contractions called
peristalsis
The Stomach:
Structure - the stomach has 3 regions
(cardiac, fundic, pyloric) & 2 sphincters at each end (cardiac & pyloric sphincters.)
Function: food is mixed with gastric juices and churned, preparing the chyme (semifluid mass when food is mixed with digestive juices) for further digestion in the small intestine.
Small Intestine:
Structure: Long, tiny tubes that take up most of the lower abdomen. made up of 3 main sections.
Function: break down food and absorb nutrients
Duodenum: where digestive juices and enzymes are produced and used to break down food.
Jejunum: It's where food is mixed with stomach acid.
Ileum: Nutrients are absorbed from the digested food then waste is moved to the large intestines.
Large Intestine:
Structure: made up of 3 sections
Function:
Ascending Colon: Absorbs water and electrolytes from undigested food.
Transcending Colon: Moves food waste toward the descending colon.
Descending Colon: Continues the process of turning food into feces.
Blood
- equalize body temperature
- deliver oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients to cells
- transport hormones & antibodies
- helps clotting
- carry metabolic wastes away from cells to the lungs & kidneys
55% Plasma
1% White blood cells & platelets
44% Red blood cells
Plasma: contains water & dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, & waste products
Red blood cells: protein, hemoglobin, & iron
Red blood cells:
- carry O2 & CO2
- iron & oxygen create the red
colour in blood
White blood cells:
- defends the body from disease & infection,
either through phagocytosis or through the
production of antibodies
Red blood cells:
- no nucleus or mitochondria
- biconcave-shaped
White blood cells:
- nucleus present
- some granular
Red blood cells:
- Anemia: low red blood count
- Thalassemia: abnormal form of
hemoglobin
- also called erthrocytes
White blood cells:
- Leukemia: cancer of the white
blood cells; can't stop dividing
- also called leukocytes
Circulatory System
Bloods Vessels
contain
Veins
carries blood towards
the heart
- little elasticity
- valves
- low permeability
- large lumen
- low pressure
-flows slowly
- largest: vena cava, smallest venules
Capillaries
site of gas exchange
with tissue cells
- not elastic
- no valves
- permeable
- large lumen
- very low pressure
- flows slowly
- most abundant
Heart
Atria
Ventricles
Pulmonary Structures
Vena Cava
Aorta & Aortic
Valves
Aorta: carries
oxygenated blood
from the left ventricle
to the rest of the body
Aortic valve: prevents
backflow of oxygenated
blood to the left ventricle.
Located between the
left ventricle and the aorta.
Superior Vena Cava:
carries deoxygenated
blood from the upper
body to the right atrium
Inferior Vena Cava:
carries deoxygenated
blood from the lower
body to the right atrium
Pulmonary Artery:
carries deoxygenated
blood from the right
ventricle to the lungs.
Pulmonary Vein: carries
oxygenated blood from
the lungs to the left
atriums towards the
heart.
Pulmonary Valve: valve
between the right ventricle
and the pulmonary artery
that prevents backflow of
deoxygenated blood to the
right ventricle.
Left ventricle: carries
oxygenated blood that
will be pumped to the body
Right ventricle: carries
deoxygenated blood that
will be pumped to the
lungs
Left atrium: carries
oxygenated blood that
comes from the lungs
Right atrium: carries
deoxygenated blood
that is pumped to the
right ventricle
Heart sounds are
caused by the closing
of valves
recoil of blood against
closed AV valves
recoil of blood
against closed
semilunar valves
- to maintain/help regulate body
temperature
-to transport materials and cells from one place to another
- to protect/defend the body by carrying white blood cells to fight infections and repair injuries.
Macromolecules
large, complex organic molecules that
the human body needs to provide
energy and perform all cellular function
Polymers as they typically consist of
identical/similar building blocks strung
together.
Individual building blocks are called
Monomers
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
instant energy
glucose, fructose
3 to 7 carbons in
a C : H : O ratio of
1 : 2 : 1
Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides
short-term energy
maltose, sucrose (table sugar)
Polysaccharides
many monosaccharides
long term energy
structural support for
cellulose & chitin
Lipids
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
- long term energy storage
- insulation and cushioning of organs
- waterproof coating
butter, lard, oils,
hormones, waxes
Proteins
long chains of amino acids
linked together by peptide
bonds
- biological catalysts
- transportation of materials through
cell membranes
- chemical messengers
- structural components of cells
enzymes, antibodies,
some hormones, transport
proteins
- proteins that speed up biochemical
reactions such as hydrolysis
- Hydrolysis: chemical reactioin where water
breaks macromolecules into smaller molecules
Nucleic Acids
chains of nucleotides
contains the genetic
information of an
organism & and assists
in protein synthesis
- DNA & RNA