Characteristics
MRS GREEN
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity (Responsiveness to stimuli)
Growth
Reproductive capacity
Whether it can reproduce by itself or not
Eg: Humans can reproduce by themselves while viruses can't.
Equilibrium (Homeostasis)
Respond to the specific condition
Eg: Humans: Hot -> sweat
Excretion
Nutrition
Organised structure
Composed of cells
Metabolism
The presence of chemical reaction inside.
Eg: Humans: Use oxygen -> ATP energy
Virus: no chemical reaction
Death
Membrane - bound organelles
Structures that are surrounded by a membrane
Nucleus
Surrounded: Two layers of membrane - nuclear envelope → nuclear pores → let things in and out of the nucleus
Contains: Most genetic information of the cells and DNA. DNA → coded instructions → building proteins
Nucleolus
Location: Inside the nucleus
Where the ribosomal RNA is being produced
Ribosomes
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The structural in a cell where proteins are made
Made of: 60%: Ribosomal RNA
40%: Protein
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Structure:
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Has ribosomes on it
∴ Proteins moving around
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: Has NO ribosomes on it
∴ Things are not made of protein (e.g, fats or lipids or things that are not protein) moving around
Function: A transport network → lets things move around INSIDE the cell
Mitochondria (mitochondrion)
Where the ATP (energy) is produced
Cellular respiration: Break the taken glucose to convert it into energy in the form of ATP
Structure: Double membrane
Contains: mtDNA (circular DNA)
∴ Possesses the genetic material required to encode proteins that are responsible for mitochondrial function
Lysosomes (The stomach of the cell )
Function: Contains enzymes → breaks things down within the cell
Golgi apparatus (Golgi body/complex)
Structure: Looks like a stack of pancakes
Function: Modify and package proteins to export OUT of the cell
Centrioles (centrosome)
Structure: Each centrosome contains two centrioles sit at right angle to each other
Function: Organising the spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis
Cilia & flagella (NOT in plant cells)
E.g: Human sperm → flagella
Function: A whip to whip backwards & forwards → move a cell through a fluid
Chloroplasts
Function: The site of photosynthesis → produce glucose (a chemical energy source)
∴ Photosynthesis → glucose → cellular respiration (mitochondria) → ATP (energy)
Structure
Double membrane
Thylakoids: Lots of little membrane-bound sacs inside the chloroplast
Granum (grana): A stack of thylakoids
Chlorophyll: A pigment that the thylakoids contain inside them → capture the energy from sunlight
Large vacuole
Function
Store nutrients & water
Maintaining a plant cell’s structural integrity
Contains: A whole lot of dissolved ions
Cytoplasm & cytosol
Cytoplasm: Everything from the nuclear envelope to the cell membrane (including the cytosol), EXCEPT the nucleus
Cytosol: The watery part of the cytoplasm
Function: controls what can enter and exist the cell
Structure: made up of a phospholipid bilayer scattered with cholesterol and membrane proteins
Phosphate head:
- Hydrophilic
- Polar
Fatty acid tail:
- Hydrophobic
- Non polar
Subtopic
Transport substances
Passive transport
- Doesn't required energy
-
Active transport
1. All living things are made up of one or more cells
2. Cells are the smallest and most basic of life
3. All cells come from the pre-existing cells
Bacteria
Archeabacteria
Subtopic
Protista
A single eukaryotic cell
Fungi
Plants
Cellulose cell wall → gives the plant a real and hard structure
ONE large vacuole - hold fluids
Plasmodesma (plasmodesmata) - little pipes going from one cell to another through the cell wall→ two cells can't be separated
Chloroplasts → photosynthesis → plant cell green
Animals
Centrosome
Lysosomes
SA:V
The smaller the object is, the bigger the SA:V ratio is
The shape is more flat → higher the ratio is
Why are cells so small?
Small cells → can absorb things that they need & get rid of things that they need fast and efficiently