States of matter

The smaller the particles, frequency of collisions decreases due to the smaller surface area, increasing the speed of diffusion. s.bThe lighter the particles are, the easier it is to move, allowing diffusion to happen faster. s.bThe less dense the particles are the more chance there is for diffusion to happen quicker rather then solids with high density. s.b

Diffusion happenes slowly in a solid because of thier high density make diffusion a very slow process.s.b

Diffusions happen in liquid, but slowly, however faster than a solid and slower than a gas. This is because their particles are in a random arangment, whilst some of the particles are seperated and some are together, making diffusion happen quite faster then a solid.s.b

Diffusion happens faster in gas because they are less dense and they have more energy. furthermore the particles are free to move.s.b

Making an ion!- An Ion is an atom or a group of atoms that either have a positive or negative charge.- Atoms do not have charges because the protons and electrons balance each other out.- Ionic Bonds: Occurs between metals and non-metal atoms- Covalent Bonds: Occurs between non-metals atoms only- Metallic Bonds Occurs in metal atoms only- All the elements in group 8 of the periodic table are known as the noble gases because they are all unreactive- this is because they already have all the electrons they need.The electron configuration of an atom shows how many electron it must loose or gain to have filled a complete outer shell. Atoms with a nearly empty outer shell will loose their electrons to obtain a full outer shell. Atoms with a nearly full outer shell will gains electrons to obtain a complete outer shell.Here is an example:O = Oxygen Ne = NeonEectron configuration:2,6 Electron configuration: 2,8 ^ does not have a ^ has a complete outer shell. complete outer shell - a complete outer When 2 electrons have been shell would be 2,8 gained by the oxygen atomsTo get to its closer it shares the same number of noble gas it must electrons as the neon atom.gain 2 electrons to So now the oxygen atoms have a complete charge is no longer nuetral as outer shell. it has gained two electrons, also known as two negative charges, this is why oxygen is seen as O2- In other words, they go with the easier alternative go with the easier alternativesome examples would be:- lithium atom 2.1 --> Lithium ion [2] = Li+- Magnesium atom 2.8.2 -->Magnesium [2.8] - Mg2+- Alluminium atom 2.8.3 --. alluminium [2.8] = Al3+* The square brackets are very importants as they show that an ion has been gained.SB

• All substances have particles • They all are attracted to each other by a bond, its either weak or strong. • The particles move around and are described as having kinetic energy. • The hotter the temperature, the more kinetic energy there will be.

COMPRESSION : cannot be squashed easily z.zSHAPE : fixed shape z.zDIFFUSION : Diffusion happens slower in solid because the pariticles are very close together, diffusion does occur but takes time. z.zDENSITY : able to sink - high density) z.zMOVEMENT : Particles in a solid has less energy, they jsut vibrate because the aprticles are in a tight arrangement. This is why they can change their shape, and also this is why they are hard. z.z

Atoms- Over 99% of an atom is empty space- 'Atomic number' is also known as the ' Proton number'- Protons and nuetrons exsist in a dense core at the center of the atom, this is called the nuclues.- The most important properties of protons, electron and nuetrons is its mass and charge.Periodic Table:In the periodic table, the letter represents the element. The larger number represents the number of protons and the number of nuetrons, also known as the ' Atomic mass'. the smaller number represents the number of protons. Protons: - Protons are always positive- The number of protons define the element- If the proton number changes, the element changes. However if the nuetron or electron number changes it remains the same element.Neutrons:- Neutrons do not have a charge, they are neutral.- In order to calculate the number of neUtrons of an element in the periodic table is to take away the number of protons from the atomic mass ( the larger number )Electrons:- The number of electrons are always the same as the number of protons since the protons are positive(+1) and the electrons(-1) are negative, they need to cancel each other out in order for the charge to be neutral.- Since the mass of one electrons is about 1/2000, it is too light to be counted in the atomic mass as it would not make a difference even if the numbers were counted.

COMPRESSION : can be squashed easily z.zSHAPE :expand to fill all the available space z.z DIFFUSION: Diffusion happens faster in a gas due to the particles already being so far away from eachother. (spread out slowly) z.zDENSITY : able to float - low density. z.zMOVEMENT : Gas particles have alot of energy. The particles move around quickly and freely as their particles are randomly arranged spaced far apart. z.z

Atoms- Over 99% of an atom is empty space- 'Atomic number' is also known as the ' Proton number'- Protons and nuetrons exsist in a dense core at the center of the atom, this is called the nuclues.- The most important properties of protons, electron and nuetrons is its mass and charge.Periodic Table:In the periodic table, the letter represents the element. The larger number represents the number of protons and the number of nuetrons, also known as the ' Atomic mass'. the smaller number represents the number of protons. Protons: - Protons are always positive- The number of protons define the element- If the proton number changes, the element changes. However if the nuetron or electron number changes it remains the same element.Neutrons:- Neutrons do not have a charge, they are neutral.- In order to calculate the number of neUtrons of an element in the periodic table is to take away the number of protons from the atomic mass ( the larger number )Electrons:- The number of electrons are always the same as the number of protons since the protons are positive(+1) and the electrons(-1) are negative, they need to cancel each other out in order for the charge to be neutral.- Since the mass of one electrons is about 1/2000, it is too light to be counted in the atomic mass as it would not make a difference even if the numbers were counted.SB

Atoms- Over 99% of an atom is empty space- 'Atomic number' is also known as the ' Proton number'- Protons and nuetrons exsist in a dense core at the center of the atom, this is called the nuclues.- The most important properties of protons, electron and nuetrons is its mass and charge.Periodic Table:In the periodic table, the letter represents the element. The larger number represents the number of protons and the number of nuetrons, also known as the ' Atomic mass'. the smaller number represents the number of protons. Protons: - Protons are always positive- The number of protons define the element- If the proton number changes, the element changes. However if the nuetron or electron number changes it remains the same element.Neutrons:- Neutrons do not have a charge, they are neutral.- In order to calculate the number of neUtrons of an element in the periodic table is to take away the number of protons from the atomic mass ( the larger number )Electrons:- The number of electrons are always the same as the number of protons since the protons are positive(+1) and the electrons(-1) are negative, they need to cancel each other out in order for the charge to be neutral.- Since the mass of one electrons is about 1/2000, it is too light to be counted in the atomic mass as it would not make a difference even if the numbers were counted.

The first shell can only hold 2 atomsThe second shell can only hold 8 atomsThe third shell can only hold 8 atomsThe Fourth shell can only hold 18 atomsz.z

Boiling is a fast process, happens at boiling point and happens through out the whole liquid. Evaporation only happens at room temperature, is a slow process and only happens on the surface of a liquid. G.B

Boiling is a fast process, happens at boiling point and happens through out the whole liquid. Evaporation only happens at room temperature, is a slow process and only happens on the surface of a liquid. G.B

Boiling is a fast process, happens at boiling point and happens through out the whole liquid. Evaporation only happens at room temperature, is a slow process and only happens on the surface of a liquid. G.B

Diffusion happens faster in gas because they are less dense and they have more energy. furthermore the particles are free to move.s.b

Reducing the freezing point of water. - Z.Z • • Salt reduces the freezing point of water. • This means that the temperature has to be much colder than o C to freeze.Salt are put on roads, to prevent accidents. Salt reduces the freezing point of ice/water, so the snow on the roads does not turn to ice and become does not become slippery for cars on the roads.Other situations used to reduce the freezing point of water.- z.z

Melting point of pure water :Boiling point for pure water:100C z.zAt 25 degrees celcius ( room temp ) water remains as a liquid. z.zAt 300 degrees celcius ( passed boiling point ) water has been changed to gas by evaporation. z.zAt 100 degrees celcius ( boiling point ) water starts to evaporate and is changing to gas. z.zWhat affect does salt have on ice: ( beaker full of water and ice) • salt causes the temperature to decrease. • Heat is lost due to the water molecules break bonds that hold salt crystal together.z.z

Substance that sublime include -- z.z • • Iodine • Carbon dioxide ( dry ice) • Plug in air freshners • Ink printers and photocopiers • Comets as they approach the sun