Final Exam

ultimate source of
genetic variation

no mutations for
equilibrium to occur

Mutation is random change
in gentic code

Example is
Autism

Another example
is Schizophrenia

Genetic drift is random changes
in allele frequencies in a population
form generation to generation

Founer affect is deviation from
colonizer gene frequencies from
source population

Add Mixture is proportion of
genetic distance that has shifted from
one population to the next. Increases
over time because it's cumulative.

Self Zygosing the heterozygous
decrease by one half and the
homozygous increase

self fertilization is most
extreme form of inbredding
because it is crossing two
identical individuals

litter size decrease

birth mortality increase

increase chance of
getting harmful disease

Inbreeding depression is
a decrease in fecundity,
survivorship, and vigor due
to inbreeding

Self incompatibility prevents
self fertilization

Asexual reproduction
is reproduction without sex

multiple trees together from
a clone and will have the same genotype.
Tress in the clone share genptype and
cannot get seeds because of sefling.

mating between
relatives

Ecosysytem is a
group of species that are
interconnected by energy
and mineral flow

energy flows first
and nutrients flow after

Sun is a source
of energy

Food chains are
movement of energy
in an ecosystem

enerygy transfers:

producers

herbavores

carnivores

top carnivores

decomposers:
energy out

Fourth Trophic Level:
nothing eats them

Detritovers: break
down dead trophic
levels

5.5% of energy
tansfers

Third Trophic Level

Second Trophic Level

14% of energy
transfers

First Trophic Level:
capture solar energy through
photosynthesis and turn it into
chamical energy

respiratory heat is how
most energy is lost

16% of energy
transfers

Energy flow
is non-cyclic

1% of all energy
that hits land is
captured by solar
energy

Energy flow in
agricultural ecosystem

Sunlight

Plant
Photosyntheis

New Corn
Protoplasm

Grain

Assimilated
by cattle

New protoplasm
of cattle

Human food:
Beef

Secondary
Production

waste in
processing

respiration
of cattle

may be eaten by man
or fed to cattle

not assimilated

net primary
production

stalks, husks,
cobs, roots

gross primary
production

corn
respiration

reflected

Net Primary Production=
Gross Primary Production -
plant respiration

Net Primary Production:
plant growth per unit area,
per unit time

Gross Primary Production:
total photosynthesis per
unit area per unit time

Ecosystems differ in
energy captured

High in energy Productivity are
swamps, rainforests, deciduous forests

Low in Energy Productivity are
tundra, open oceans, deserts

development of several
new species from a common
ancestor due to adaptions
to different environments.

all species arive from
previously existing
species

happens on islands

Example is Hawaii
Honey Creepers

Genus is a
group of related
species

Family is a
group of related
enera

Global Warming is the increase
of the global average temperature
on Earth

could increase
by 4 degrees
celcius by the
end of the
century

Greenhouse-effect is the
trapping of heat in the
atmosphere by
greenhouse gases

Increase of CO2
more radient energy
from the sun will be
retained

As CO2 levels increase,
temperature will increase

Artic has warmed
the fast, by 2
degrees celcius

Example is similar to
when heat is coming
into the car but not
escaping because it is
trapped so temperature
increases

Greenhouse Gases:
Methane, CO2,
Nirous Oxide

temp increases,
glaciers melt and
sea levels rise,
warmer water so
more intense storms,
and increases cases of
malaria

Example: people
in Galveston and
South Pacific will
be affected

Predation

Predator +
Prey -

Mutualism

Both Benefit

Example is Mycorrhizal fungi
helps plant take up nutrients
from soil to be healthier.

Example is bacteria
feed off of you and
helps you digest at
the same time

Competition

Both -

as weed density
increases, cotton
yield decreases

field and competing
with cotton, therefore
supressing its yield

outcome is
environment
dependent

Competetive Exclusion
is where two species
grown together and one
wins everytime

Co-exist is where
K value is lower for
both species because
competing for the
same recources

Parasitism

Parasite +
Host -