Macromolecules

Proteins

Amino Acids

A carboxyl group and
an amino group

As the monomer
subunit of proteins

Disulfide bridges

Peptide bonds

Peptides

Polypeptides

Denature

The loss of

Structure

Function

Beta-pleated sheet

Side by side of the
amino acid chain

Secondary structure

Alpha helix

A delicate coil held together
by hydrogen bonds.

Amino Acid

Non-protein component

Prosthetic groups

Protein function

Structural

Defensive

Signal

Carrier

Recognition &
Receptor

Enzyme

Motile

Movement

Actin & Myosin

Catalyst

Amylase

Cellular Markers

Major histocompatibility
complex

Material transport

Hemoglobin

Messenger

Hormones

Fighting infections

Antibodies

Framework support

Ligaments

Structure

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

More than one amino
acid chain

3D-folding pattern

hydrogen bonds,
ionic bonds,
sulfur-sulfur covalent bonds,
hydrophobic interactions

H-bonds
in the peptide

amino acids to fold
in a repeating pattern

Sequence chain
of amino acids

Lipids

Energy sources

Insulation

Waterproofing qualities

Protection

Fatty acids

Carboxyl group linked
to a hydrocarbon chain

Stearic acid

Trans

One or more double
bonds in trans config.

Straight stucture

Fats

Saturated

Solid at room temp.

Straight structure

No double bonds

Unsaturated

Liquid at room temp.

Monounsaturated

One double bond (cis config.)

Bent structure

Polyunsaturated

Multiple double bonds
(cis config.)

More bent than monounsaturated

Triglycerides

3 fatty acid chains
linked to a glycerol
molecule

Phospholipids

Steroids

Wax

Soft

Long fatty acid chains

Carbon rings
or alcohols

4 hydrocarbon
rings

Good

HDL

Regulates LDL storage

Promotes excretion

Bad

LDL

Storing cholesterol
in the bloodstream

Hormones, cholesterol,
membrane strength and
Vitamin D

2 fatty acid chains

Hydrophilic head

Soluble in water

Flexibility and formation

Hydrophilic tail

Insoluble

Plasma membranes

Groups of polar lipids

Carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen atoms

Non-polar

Insoluble

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides
joined together

Dehydration synthesis reaction

2 sugar bases

Glycosidic Linkages

1-->4

1-->6

Branching structure

Linear structure

Beta

Orientation of the
-OH group

Alpha

Maltose

Lactose

Sucrose

Quick energy

Polysaccharides

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Chitin

Structural complex carbohydrates

Storage carbohydrates

Amylopectin

80% of starch

1-->4, 1-->6 bonds
(linkages)

Short energy storage

Amylose

20% of starch

1-->4 bonds
(linkages)

Alpha glucose

Long energy storage

Energy source, structural
support and cell to cell
communication

Very long chain/branching chain
with alpha/beta linkages

Many bases

>10 sugars

Hydrolysis

Glucose

Energy

Condensation
Reaction

Joins monomers
together

Monosaccharides

Simplest form of a carbohydrate

Single sugar unit

Hexose sugar

Six carbon atoms

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Forms a ring structure

Alpha Glucose

Glycogen in animals

1-->6 linkages

A branching structure

Short term energy storage

Starch in plants

1-->4 linkages

Strong fibres

Hydrogen bonds

Beta Glucose

Cellulose in plants

Pentose sugar

Five carbon atoms

Deoxyribose

Ribose

Glycosidic bonds

Complex carbohydrates

100-1000s of linked
monosaccharides

Quick energy

Building blocks

Energy storage
(Short + Long Term)

Structural support

Cell-cell
communication

Carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen atoms

Polymerization

Subunits link to form
a large molecule

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

Building block of
nucleic acids

5-carbon sugar

Nitrogenous base

1-3 Phosphate groups

Pyrimidine

Uracil, thymine, cytosine

Purine

Adenine, guanine

ATP, GTP

Transport chemical energy

Phosphodiester bonds

Phosphate bridge

5'-carbon

3'-carbon

Deoxyribose sugar end

End with the
phosphate group

H bonds

Complementary strands
of nucleotides

"Assembly instructions" for
all proteins in living organisms

Backbone

Alternating sugar &
phosphate groups

RNA

Takes on a
variety of structures

DNA

Double helix shape

By base pairs

2 nucleotides

Organic molecules

Carbon in ring, or chain form

Covalent bonds

The -OH group placement

Cholesterol

Floating topic