STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN
FOOD PRODUCTION

PLANT BREEDING

DEFINATION

plant breeding is a technique
of genotypic improvement of
economically important crop
plants to produce new crops
that are better suited for
cultivation,give better yeild
and are disease resistant

OBJECTIVES

high yeild

resistance to diseases and
pests

eary maturity

abiotic resistance

better quality

better adaptability

MAIN STEPS IN BREEDING

GERMPLASM COLLECTION FOR
VARIABILITY

The sum total of all alleles
of the genes present in the
existing and past varieties of
a

crop and its wild relatives
constitutes the germplasm

all cultivated improved
varieties

improved varities that are no
mor in cultivation

old local or desi varieties

pur lines produced by plant
breeders

wild species related to the
crop species

Centres for plant genetic
resources

indian

International Crops Research
Institute for Semi-Arid
Tropics (ICRISAT

Central Rice Research
Institute(CRRI)

International

International Board of Plant
Genetic Resources (IBPGR)

Types of Seeds

Orthodox Seeds (-10° to -20° C)

Recalcitrant Seeds (aerobic
humid conditions)

Cyropreserved (-196° C)

EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF
PARENTS

The germplasm is evaluated and
plants with desired
combinations of characters are

identified. selection is
carried out for plants with
advantageous charaters based
on

phenotypic characters

Mass Selection

cross polinated plants

grown in same field

plants selected for desired
features and their seeds are
collected

the process is repeated many
times to obtain homozygosity

Pure Line Selection

self pollinated crops

plants selected on basis of
best agronomic characters

sown in separate rows

process repeated continously
to obtain pure line

Clonal Selection

plants that multiply by
vegetative propogation

helps in conserving hybrid
vigour and quality of crop

new genetic variability cannot
be introduced

CROSS HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN
SELECTED PARENTS

PROCEDURE

Selection and Isolation
ofmplants

emasculation (stamens removed
at bud stage)

bagging

tagging

pollination or crossing

STEPS

step 1: pollen grains from the
desirable plant chosen as male
parent are collected and

placed on stigma of flowers of
female parents

step 2: Not all hybrids show
the desired characters. only,
one in a few 100 to 1000

crosses show the desirable
combination. such hybrid
plants are sleceted

TYPES

Intravarietal: same variety

Intervarietal: different lines
or varieties of the same
species

Interspecific: different
species

Intergeneric: different genera

SELECTION AND TESTING OF
SUPERIOR RECOMBINANTS

STEPS:

i) Selection of haploid plants
that have the combination of
desired characters

ii) Selfing the selected
plants through several
generations to produce uniform
homozygous

inbred lines

iii) Crossing the selected
inbred lines to produce
uniform F1 population with
desired

qualities and then F1 seeds
can be directly grown

TESTING RELEASE AND
COMMERCIALISATION

MULTIPLICATION OF IMPROVED
SEEDS

National Seeds Corporation
(NSC)streamlines raising seeds
of improved varieties

free of weed seeds

free of pathogens and pests

high order of purity

high rate of germination

Seeds are certified and packed
in sealed packects as
certified seeds. Each sealed
packet

caonatins information:

date of test

purity of seeds (99%)

absence of weeds and presnce
of inert matter (not more than
1%)

special features (if any)

validity of certificate

EXTRA TERMS:

INBREEDING DEPRESSION

genetically similar plants
produce reccessive traits in
their progeny

reduced biological fitness in
a given population because of
interbreeding among related

indiviuals

HETEROSIS/HYBRID VIGOUR

better yeilding varieties in
plants in terms of
growth,size,climatic condition

when such hybrids are
produced,they are better than
parents and continue to be
cultivated

HIGH YEILDING (HYVs)

Wheat: Kalyan Sona,Sharbati
Sonara

Rice: Jaya, Ratna

Maize: Protina

Sugaecane: Saccharum
officinarum

Millets: Hybrid Bajra
(PHB,BJ,BK) and Jowar (CSH
series)

PLANT BREEDING FOR DISEASE
RESISTANCE

DISEASES

Fungi: brown rust of wheat ,
late blight of poatato

Bacteria : black rot of
crucifers

Viruses: tobacco mosaic

DISEASE RESISTANT VARIETIES

Wheat
Himgiri
Leaf and stripe rust, Hill Bunt

Brassica
Pusa swarnim (Karan Rai)
White rust

Cauliflower
Pusa Shubhra, Pusa Snowball K-1
Black rot and curl blight, black rot

Cowpea
Pusa Komal
Bacterial blight

Chilli
Pusa Sadabahar
Chilly , mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus
and leaf curl diseases

PLANT BREEDING FOR DEVELOPING
RESISTANCE TO INSECT PESTS

COMMON PEST RESISTANT VARIETIES

Brassica (rapeseed mustard)
Pusa Gaurav
Aphids

Flat bean
Pusa sem 2, Pusa Sem 3
Jassids, Aphids and fruit borer

Okra(bhindi)
Pusa Sawani, Pusa A- 4
Shoot and fruit borer

BIOFORTIFICATION

Breeding of crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals or higher proteins and healthier fats is called bio-fortification

Examples:

Maize hybrids

Wheat: Atlas 66

iron-fortified rice

PLANT TISSUE CULTURE

Technique of growing plant cells,tissues or organs in a sterile culture medium under controlled evnvironmental conditiond

PROCEDURE

step i) selection of explant

step ii) Sterilisation (free from microbes) of explant,vessels,culture medium and all instruments using chlorine water or sodium or calcium hypochlorite solution

step iii)transfer of explants to culture medium under aseptic condition with optimum conditions for growth

step iv) Callus formation: CONTINUE

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

ANIMAL BREEDING

DEFINITION: Controlled mating followed by selection to obtain superior genotype of domesticated animals is known as animal breeding

MAIN AIMS OF ANIMAL BREEDING

Increased yeild and better quality of animal products like miks, eggs,meat and wool

resistance to various diseases

Longer productive life and higher reproductive rate

higher growth rate

TYPES

INBREEDING

It is the mating of closely related individuals of the same species but from different populations

PROCEDURE

Step i) Identification and mating superior males and superior females of the same breed in pairs.

Step ii) Assessment and evaluation of progeny obtained from such mating for desirable traits

Step iii) Again,the superior males and females are identified from the progeny

Step iv) The process is repeated for 4-6 generations

ADVANTAGES

increases homozyosity (evolve pure line)

eliminates harmful or deleterious recessive genes

accumulation of superior genes

DISADVANTAGES

Inbreeding depression: decreased vigour and productivity and reduction in weight gain in the offspring.

meat of such animals is tougher due to high pH

decrease in the lifespan and loss of milk production in dairy cows

NOTE: to overcome inbreeding depression it is advisable to breed superior animals of the local populations with the superior animals of another unrelated population but of the same breed

OUTBREEDING

It is the mating between unrelated animals belonging to the same breed or different breeds of the same species or between individuals of different species

TYPES

Out-crossing

same breed but no common ancestors up to 4-6 generations

best for animals that are below average in milk production

single out-cross helps overcoming inbreedong depression

Cross breeding

different breeds

Allows the desirable qualities of two differenet breeds to be combined

Interspecific Hybridization

different related species

only performed when sterile hybrid is superior to either of the parents

CONTROLLED(ARTIFICIAL) BREEDING EXPERIMENTS

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

the semen of the chosen male is collected and injected into the reproductive tract of the slected female by the breeder.

:ADVANTAGES

ensures good quality progeny

high yielding males not available everywhere,semen can be collected and transported to distant places

the semen can be frozen and used later

economical as semen of a single male is sufficient to inseminate a large number of females

contagious diseases don't spread

MULTIPLE OVULATION EMBRYO TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY (MOET)

employed for herd improvement to improve chances of successful production of hybrids

PROCEDURE:

in this technique a female is administered with FSH

induces follicular maturation and superovulation

a number of follicles undergo maturation producing 6-8 eggs

as the eggs are ready,the female is inseminated

the fertilised cells at 8-32 cells stage are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers

genetic mother are induced for another round of superovulation

high milk yielding females and high quality meat yielding bulls obtained