Carbohydrates

The most abundant biomolecules on earthMainly contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms

Disaccharides are only made possible because of Hydrolysis and Condensation

Disaccharides

Oligosaccharides

Breaking down these bonds requires hydrolysis

A disaccharide could even be referred to as an oligosaccharide

Consist of short chains of monosaccharides

EG. If we take the disaccharide "maltose" and add another glucose molecule to it, through condensation, it will form an additional alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond.
This is called a maltotriose.

Homopolysaccharide means it only contains a single type of monosaccharide - eg only contains glucose molecules

A heteropolysaccharide means the polysaccharide contains two or more types of monosaccharide- eg a long chain of fructose and glucose molecules

Monosaccharides

SUGARS

SIMPLE

Galactose

Glucose

Two glucose mixed together is essentially maltose

Main source of energy for humans

Polysaccharides a.k.a Glycans

Most carbohydrates found in nature present as polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are grouped into Homopolysaccharides or Heteropolysaccharides

Once an oligosaccharide exceeds 20 monosaccharides it is referred to as a polysaccharide.

Condensation- when monosachharides are connected and water is released

Hydrolysis- adding water

Proteins

Amino Acids

Amino acids are what make up proteins, they're the building blocks.

Every amino acid has three groups

Every amino acid has a carbon with a hydrogen attached to it, this is in the middle of the carboxyl and amino group and it is called the alpha carbon

Right side has a carboxyl group

Every amino acid looks very similar with these three parts, what distinguishes them is what comes off the alpha carbon called the R groups

The left side has nitrogen attached to two hydrogen makes an amino group

One of proteins functions is to signal molecules in the body, the signals travel from one cell to another, this is turn affect cells and other parts of the body

Proteins are flexible and can bend and swing to walk across the cells cytoskeleton

Protein collagen holds our skin, tendons, muscles and bones together and proteins make up about 42% of the dry weight in our bodies, which is a quarter of the body's total protein

When proteins are built inside the body they're structured using dehydration synthesis with differencing amino acids. When the left side of amino acids are joining together, the amino groups make two hydrogens and an oxygen, which is water!

Using dehydration synthesis we lose the water and covalent bonds are formed between acids- this is called a peptide bond and when lots of amino acids are added its called a polypeptide.

When a polypeptide folds itself, its called a protein and each protein has different chemical properties

Polarity in proteins

Based on charges in the proteins and chemical makeups, some peptides will be negatively charged or polar whereas some are positively charged and non polar. Due to the opposing charges within a protein they are attracted to each other and that's where the three dimensional shape of a protein is formed.

If a protein is non polar it is hydrophobic if it is polar on the other hand its hydrophilic