Alcohol: Compound produced after fermentation that is an intoxicating liquid.

How it's used

Recreational Use-socializing, parties, etc.

Classification

Depressant

Regulation

Prohibition-state prohibition laws to control drinking. Became real in the 18th Amendment, starting prohibition across country.

The Temperance Movement-movement where people were encouraged to drink beer and wine responsibly but no hard alcohol. This means no distilled spirits, like vodka, and beer and wine in moderation.

Taxation-federal taxes on beverages to gain money, which lead to decrease use.

How it works

Once consumed, it travels through bloodstream, getting absorbed in it. It waits until it is metabolized.Then it reaches the organs and the brain. The small intestine is the major point of absorption. When it reaches the liver, it is broken down. Alcohol is distributed through bodily fluids.

Effects on Body and Mind

Sexual Behavior-alcohol can enhance sexual interest.

Blackouts-too much alcohol causes individual to pass out and forget.

Hormonal Effects-effects hormonal systems like adrenal corticosteroids, male sex hormone, etc. Also cause hormone disorders.

Fluid Balance-lower vasopressin output, lower blood pressure.

Peripheral Circulation-body looses heat with dilation of peripheral blood vessels, causing coldness and even shock.

Concerns

Driving Under the Influence (DUI)-a significant danger of drinking and driving, leading to fatal crashes.

Violence-assault, crimes, date rape drug, suicide.

Alcohol Poisoning-acute and chronic toxicity due to too much consumption in little time.

Hangovers-waking up to abdominal pain, headaches, etc.

Brain Damage-damage to brain tissue can cause diseases such as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Liver Disoders-fatty liver and Cirrhosis

Heart Disease-damage to heart muscle, high blood pressure and stokes.

The Immune System-more prone to diseases such as tuberculosis, yellow fever, etc.

Cancer-in mouth, tongue, liver, lungs, etc.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome-abnormalities in baby due to mother's alcohol use.

Withdrawal: Alcohol Dependence-tremors, hallucinations, delusions, seizures, etc.

Alcohol Use Disorder-disease due to loss of control from drinking.

Buying and selling alcohol illegally

Routes of Administration

Oral (beverages, food)

Injection (to veins)

Cannabis:Plant with leaves and hairs also known as marijuana.

Classification

Both a depressant, a hallucinogen, and a stimulant.

Concerns

Abuse and Dependence

Chronic Lung Exposure-lung diseases with long time use of marijuana, such as cancer.

Vaping-a new form of inhaling aiming to reduce toxicity, but not enough information is known yet.

Anxiety-increased anxiety and panic attacks and fear.

Physiological Effects-increased heart rate and concern for those with certain disorders to smoke marijuana.

Phsychosis-some marijuana use has caused psychotic reactions.

Immune System-impairs functioning , more prone to infections and diseases.

Regulation

The Marijuana Tax Act-taxes on the grower, the seller, and buyer to reduce use. Made it hard to even find the drug.

Age 21- the legal age for most states, but some are as low as 18.

Legalization- adults can legally consume marijuana depending on their state.

How it Works

When consumed, THC is absorbed into blood and distributed to brain, which produces the euphoric feeling. Eventually, it reaches the rest of the body.

Effects on Body and Mind

Cardiovascular Effects-increased heart rate, blood pressure.

Physical facial effects: dry mouth and redding of eyes.

Abuse Potential-self administration.

Cognitive Effects-slowed cognitive processing, decreased performance, effects on short term memory, loss of concentration, etc. Brain-imaging

Appetite-increased food intake and cravings.

Talking-decreases verbal interactions.

Subjective Effects-euphoria, high, more appetite, relaxed, etc.

How it's used

Recreational Use-any use without medical permission. Ex: Users getting "high"

Routes of Administration

Oral (edibles)

Topical (applied to skin, eyes, nose, etc)

Sublingual (under tongue)

Inhalation (smoking joint, vaping)

Caffeine: a drug that affects the central nervous system and is a popular psychostimulant. It is often a natural substance.

Common Forms

Coffee-brewed from coffee beans to create a drink.

Chocolate-a "food of the gods" from the chocolate tree.

Tea-delicate drink produced from plants with different aromas.

Energy Drinks-caffeine loaded drinks high in sugar and other substances.

Soda-carbonated beverages that contain lots of caffeine.

Pills-over the counter pills that contain caffeine.

How it's used

Medical Use-to treat drowziness and pain.

Recreational Use-socializing in coffee shops, morning routine, afternoon pick-me-up, etc.

Classification

Stimulant

Regulation

Unregulated for the most part

Caffeine content must be labeled on products.(in the ingredient list)

Some religions regulate caffeine by banning it.

How it works

Travels through bloodstream and reaches the brain

Then it affects adenosine receptors, blocking adenosine.

Aids in binding of dopamine

Effects

Stimulation-better performance on daily tasks. However, to much may be harmful.

Headaches-relieves headache pain, but may cause headaches as a sign of withdrawal.

Hyperactivity-improved activity depending on the dose.

"Sobering up"-makes drunk people seem more awake, but still drunk.

Fatigue-as a sign of withdrawal.

Withdrawal effects-headache, tiredness, fatigue, etc.

Brain effects-affects adenosine receptors.

Weight loss

Concerns

Short Term

Increased heart rate

Increased blood pressure

Long Term

Cancer-increase possible risk of pancreatic cancer but not likely.

Reproductive effects-birth defects such as miscarriage, slow fetal growth, etc.

Heart Disease-due to increased heart rate and blood pressure.

Caffeinism-drinking too much caffeine, which can cause numerous symptoms, such as nervousness, insomnia, palpitations, etc.

Dependence-reinforcing properties in caffeine may cause psychological dependence.

Routes of Administration

Orally (drinking coffee, caffeine pills, etc)

Inhalation (caffeine powders)

Tobacco: drug made from the leaves of a tobacco plant that contains nicotine.

How it's used

Recreational Use-smoking in public, used during parties, etc.

Medical Use-used to heal in traditional medicine and ability to treat headaches(migraines), colds, flus, etc.

Common Forms

Smokeless tobacco-chewing tobacco-tobacco is placed in mouth and spit out after.

Cigarrettes-most common form.

Cigars-a mix between a cigarrette and chewing tobacco.

Pipes-tube that burns tobacco while being inhaled

E-cigs-electronic cigs aimed to be a safer alternative. Also known as vaping

Routes of Administration

Oral (chewing tobacco)

Inhalation (smoking)

Concerns

Short Term

Gross Breath-chemicals from smoke left in mouth.

Fatigue

Coughing-natural reaction to inhaling smoke from a cigarrette

Shortness in breath

Altered sense of tase/smell-can numb certain senses

Long Term

Lung Cancer-accumulation of tar and smoke in lungs, leading to lung disease and cancer.

Premature death-too much smoking can take lives at a young age.

Cardiovascular disease-smoke effects heart and blood vessels.

Lung disease-chronic disease as a leading factor in smoking deaths.

Pregnancy-fertility problems and complications associated with tobacco use, such as miscarriage and a low birth rate.

Oral Cancer-possibility for cancer to develop in the gum, tongue, esophagus, and many other places in the mouth, especially from chewing tobacco under the lip.

How it works

Tobacco is consumed and absorbed, often in the mouth and lungs, then it travels through bloodstream.

Stimulates release of adrenaline and dopamine.

Deactivated in the liver where the drug is broken down by enzymes.

Regulation

No Smoking Signs-to limit smoking in public places and regulate health of society.

Women banned from using tobacco in the early 1900s as a way of protecting them.

The Council for Tobacco Research-established to study the health effects of using tobacco.

A healthier option-tobacco companies advertising a new and "safer" cigarrette.

FDA Regulation-to regulate tobacco as a drug and in specific ways. Requires companies to communicate with FDA.

Classification

Both a stimulant and a depressant

Effects

Alertness-feeling awake and focused due to nicotine and thus, boosting performance.

Depedence- nicotine makes smokers come back for more and is a dependence-producing substance in tobacco.

Relaxation-also can calm bodily processes

Increased Blood Pressure

Body Temperature May Decrease

Constriction of blood vessels

carboxyhemoglobin-high levels in regular smokers.

Hunger-inhibition of hunger and taste.

Respiration-may increase or decrease depending on the dose.

Nicotine poisoning- nausea, dizziness, tremors, etc.

Meth-stimulant drug that affects central nervous system, increasing levels of neurotransmitters.

How it's used

Recreational Use-used as a way to feel good and get high.

Medical Use-may be used to help treat certain medical conditions, such as ADHD.

Routes of Administration

Insufflation-snorting

Oral-pills

Injection

Inhalation-smoking

Classification

Stimulant

Effects

Increased blood pressure

Anxiety

Insomnia

Hyperthermia

agitation

alertness

Decreased appetite

Mental Confusion

Regulation

FDA Approval-only for certain conditions where meth can help treat it.

Controlled Substance Act-brought awareness to the harmful effects

Limited access-has lowered meth-related issues, such as arrest.

US Drug Abuse and Regulation Control Act of 1970-aimed to outlaw drug in order to protect users.

Concerns

Short-term

Sudden weight loss

Skin sores

poor appetite

Twitching

Hyperactivity

Increased respiration

Increased Heart Rate

Increased Blood Pressure

Long-term

Damage to blood vessels in brain

Stroke

Convulsions

Rotten teeth

Overdose-effects pass rapidly, causing sweating, increased heart rate, and other threatening conditions.

Kidney Failure

Cardiovascular collapse

Tolerance-as result of needed more of the drug to get the desired effect of "high."

Addiction-effects of drug wear off quickly, causing withdrawal symptoms, and thus, needing more of the drug, leading to physical and psychological dependence.

Irritability

How it works

Releases lots of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, in brain

Pleasurable sensation as a reaction

Increases activity in CNS

Common Forms

Powder

Crystal "ice"

Crank

Pills

Benzodiazepines-a depressant drug that works in the Central Nervous System and aids in treatment of many medical conditions.

Classification

Depressant

How it's used

Recreational Use-to feel better and relax.

Medical Use-used to treat medical conditions, such as seizures, panic attacks and anxiety, for relaxation in surgery, therapy (alcohol withdrawal) etc.

Common Forms

Alprazolam (Xanax)

Valium

Onfi

Librax

Ativan

Regulation

Medically regulated by doctors, such as the drug as not recommended for pregnant women.

Department of Health-requires use of triplicate prescriptions to help control abuse.

Center for Disease Control- established guidelines for benzodiazepines, requiring black box warnings on labels.

How it works

Activity begins in CNS

Occupy GABA-A receptors

Regulate brain functins

Open GABA channels

Neurons negatively charged

Effects

Drowsiness and feeling of tiredness

Dizziness

Antergrade amnesia

Cognitive Effects-changes in one's ability to think and reason.

Death-possible fatal consequences if combining this drug with another drug.

Restlessness and irritability

Anxiety

Hallucinations

Headache and hangover feel

Concerns

Long-term

Tolerance

Dependence-due to prolonged use of this drug, which can have some major consequences.

Abuse

Withdrawal symptoms-may arise after discontinuing the drug, causing many effects, such as blurred vision and panic attacks, etc.

Short-term

Cardiac Arrest- if drug is given at a rapid pace and the heart can't handle it.

Nausea and vomiting

Reactions in skin

Abnormal heart rate

respiratory depression

Routes of Administration

Intravenous injection

Oral (pill form)

Insuffliation-snorting

Opioids-a powerful drug that comes from opium.

Classification

Synthetic drug

Painkiller

Narcotic

How it works

Decrease activity in brain(nerves) to ease pain

Bind to opioid receptors in brain and body

Receptors either open or close channels that control pain.

Effects

Pain relief- therapeutic properties to ease pain. Drug basically eliminates response to pain.

Intestinal disorders-aids in improving stomach issues, like diarrhea, infections in intestines, colic, etc.

Cough suppressants-decreases activity in cough control center.

Concerns

Short-term

Acute toxicity-depressed respiration(slowing of breathing).

nausea/vomiting

Constipation

Dizziness and confusion

impaired judgement

Long-term

Physical dependence

Withdrawa-nausea, vomiting, pain, misery, etc. l

Chronic toxicity-makes person weak on the inside and outside. Ex: sores, mentally weak, blood-borne diseases.

Tolerance-increase dosage due to increased needs for more of drug., such as with pain.

Opioid Overdose-triad (coma, depressed respiration, and pupils pinpointed.

Addiction

long-term oral intake

increase in morphine

injection of morphine

How it's used

Recreational Use-used to feel pleasure and relief.

Medical Use-used to treat a variety of pain such as arthritis pain, cancer pain, etc, and can be used as an anesthesia.

Common Forms

Heroin

Morphine sulfate

Prescription Opioids-hydrocodone and oxycodone

inuprofen

aspirin

acetaminophine

fentanyl

Methadone

Routes of Administration

Oral-pills

Injection

Intramuscular

Intravaneous

Regulation

FDA Intervention-opioid manufactures required to provide educational materials in effort to combat the high rates of opioid use (nonmedical)

Opioid Ban in Turkey-to reduce heroin production and supply.

Rockefeller Drug Laws-prison sentences for those with a certain amount of possession of heroin.

Supreme Court decision of 1915-declared smuggled opioids a crime.

The Harrison Act-to limit drug use.

1906 Pure Food and Drug Act-to help reverse dependence on opioids.

The Opium Wars-between the Chinese and British and Americans. A sort of game between countries for opium for non-medical needs (to help deal with tobacco effects). Sailors kill Chinese citizen, sparking outrage.

Law Against Opium Smoking (China).

The Opium Exclusion Act-limited opium for smoking (imported opium).

The Heroin Act-heroin production outlawed.

Psychedelics- drugs that influence perceptions and cause hallucinations due to the effect on the brain.

Effects

Hallucinations

Altered sounds

anxiety

flashbacks-having a flashback of perceptual alterations.

mood changes

nausea

distorted perceptions

synesthesi-senses intermix and create wild perceptions.

Common Forms

Psilocybin (magic mushrooms)

LSD-most potent and comes from a mold or fungus.

Mescaline-drug in cactus plant(peyote).

Phencyclidine (angel dust)

DMT-a psychedelic compound that is natural.

Ayahuasca-type of tea used in indigenous cultures.

MDMA(molly)

Concerns

Short-term

dilated pupils

increased heart rate

increased blood pressue

body heat rises

Long-term

Overdose

psychosis

seizures

Severe depression

How it's used

Recreational Use-to enjoy oneself, to feel good, to see things differently. fairy tale feeling, etc.

Medical Use-to treat some conditions, such as anxiety and schizophrenia.

Regulation

CIA Research with LSD

Controlled Substance Act- schedule 1 drug

FDA Regulation

How it works

Once consumed, the drug alters perceptions and mood

It activates receptors in brain, coming in contact with neurotransmitter receptors.

Stimulates seratonin 2A receptor.

Absorbed in gastrointestinal tract and metabolized in liver.

Routes of Administration

Oral-by mouth, pills

Sublingual-under tongue

Intravenous

Inhalation

Intramuscular

Classification

Hallucinogen

psychotomimetic drug