Skeptics argue
Learned
Was Taught by
Learned About
Used
Learned about
Was Taught by
Was Taught by
Understood
Learned
Learned to recognize
Learned by
Used
Involves
Shows
Involves
Forms
Includes
divides into
Expresses
Involves
Talks about
Means
Allows
Incudes
Requires
Involves
Is acquired through
Depends on
Enables
Encourages
Allows
Allows
Restricts
Is based on
Refers to
Refers to
Involves
Includes
Involves
Allows
Features
Aims to be
Used for
Transmitted via
Perceived through
Seen as
Heard as
Acquired as
Present as
is
is
has
Requires
Involves
Shows
Uses
Means
Indicates
Relies on
Uses
Conveys
directs
informs
clarifies
Maintains
Involves
Means
Involves
Involves
Characterized by
Involves the practice of
Encompasses
Includes

Animal and Human Language

Communication

Functions of Communication

Phatic

Metalinguistic

Referential

Directive

Expressive

Bee Dances

Waggle Dance

Bees perform this dance to share food location. The waggle part shows direction and the number of waggles shows distance.

Sun Position

Bees use the angle between the food source and the sun to guide others during the dance.

Distance and Direction

The length and angle of the waggle tell other bees how far the food is and in what direction.

Productivity

Infinite Combinations

Limited Set of Sounds

Communicating

Purpose: Information traslate

Shared with Animals

Basic Human Function

Types of Signals

Instinctive

Learned

Auditory

Visual

Tactil

Chemical (Pheromones)

Communicative

Informative

Characteristics of Human language

Fixed reference

Specific time

Specific place

Fixed meaning

Flexibity of expression

Creativity

New expressions

Novel utterances

Infinite sentences

Unpredictable communication

Cultural transmission

Interaction with others

Learning

Cultural environment

Social contact

Displacement

Abstract ideas

Dreams

Emotions

Talk about past/future

Not limited to here and now

Things not present in the imediate enviroment

Duality

Two levels

Meaning

Sounds

Phonemes: meaningless alone

Morphemes: meaningful combinations

Talking to Animals

Teaching Animals Human Language

Kanzi (bonobo)

Lexigrams

Observing training

250 symbols

Koko (gorilla)

American Sign Language (ASL)

Around 1000 signs

Francine Patterson

Sarah (chimpanzee)

Premack

130 symbols

Plastic symbols

Washoe (chimpanzee)

100 signs

Allen and Beatrix Gardner

American Sign Language (ASL)

Limited Productivity compared to Humans

Controversy about Interpretation

Animals imitate rather than understand meaning