Benign and Malignant Pathologies of the Mammary Gland, its Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors
Benign Breast Pathology
Malformations
ALTERATIONS IN THE NUMBER
By excess
-Polyasty
-Ectopic Breast
-Momies aberrant
-Polyhelia
Default
-Agenesia mammary
-Amastia
-Atelia
SIZE ALTERATIONS
By excess
- Breast hypertrophy or macromasty
-Macrotelia
Default
-Mammary hypoplasia or micromasty
-Microtelia
ALTERATIONS OF THE FORM
(a) Breast: conical/pyriform, flattened/discoid, cylindrical, pediculate, pendulous.
(b) Nipple: Prominent, flattened, retracted/umbilicated, pediculated, bipartite.
(c) Of the areola: Prominent or withdrawn.
CHANGES IN THE SITUATION
(a) Breast: Deviations may be:
+Uni or bilateral sides (“shield-shielded mates”). Towards up.
+Down.
(b) The nipple:
+Supraareolar nipple:
+Lateralized in the areola.
+Exoareolar nipple: Outside the areola (“supramarary nipple”).
Trauma
*INCISED WOUNDS
*CONTUSE WOUNDS
*STEATONECROSIS OF
THE MAMMARY GLAND
*BURNS
Inflammatory Processes
*ACUTE MASTITIS
*CHRONIC NON-SPECIFIC
MASTITIS
Dermatological Pathology
DERMATITIS
Functional Pathology
*TELORHEA
*LACTATIONAL
ABNORMALITIES
*GYNECOMASTIA
*PREMATURE
TELARCHE
ANDI
(abnormalities of
normal
development and
involution of the
breast)
*ADOLESCENT
BREAST
HYPERTROPHY
*FIBROADENOMA
*MASTALGIA AND
NODULARITY
*BREAST CYSTS
*ADENOSIS
SCLEROSANS
Pseudotumoral Processes Of The Breast
*ECTSIA DUCTAL
*GALACTOCELE
*HIPERPLASIA
EPITELIALS
Benign tumors
EPITHELIAL TUMORS
* Papillary nipple adenoma
* Breast adenoma
*Adenomyothelioma
* Intracanalicular apilloma
FIBROEPITHELIAL TUMORS
* Papillary nipple adenoma
* Breast adenoma
*Adenomyothelioma
* Intracanalicular apilloma
OTHER BENIGN BREAST TUMOR
*Myblastoma
*Leiomyoma
*Tumors of the nerves *Histiocytoma
*Vascular tumors
*Skin tumors benign
Malignant pathology of the breast
PHASES OF TUMOR DISEASE
Induction phase
Hyperplasia-dysplasia phase
Stage of carcinoma in situ
Stage of invasive carcinoma
SPEED OF GROWTH
Time doubling
23 daiys
90 days
209 days
Tumor of 1 cm
2 years
8 years
18.5 years
Characteristics
Premenopausal
Undifferentiated tumor Pre- and post-menopausal
Tumor not undifferentiated
Postmenopause/Senile Tumor well differentiated
HISTOPATOLOGICAL FORMS
Ductal carcinoma
• In situ (CDIS) 3. 3 and 5. 6%
• Infiltrator: 80%
Lobular carcinoma
• In situ ( intralobular carcinoma) 0. 8-1. 5%
• Infiltrator 3. 7-5. 8%
Medullary carcinoma
Mucinous carcinoma 1-2% (old women)
Tubular carcinoma
Papillary carcinoma 0. 3 and 1. 5%
Adenocystic carcinoma 1%.
Paget’s disease.
Inflammatory carcinoma 1-2% orange peel
Associated Risk Factors
BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutation
Family history of cancer (No known mutation) 1°, 2° Grade
extensive radiation therapy treatments
Hormonal Factors
Breast density (very dense versus mainly fat)
Late parity (over 30 years of age) or invalidity
Early menarche (age less than 12 years) or late menopause (age over 55 years)
Obesity in postmenopause
prolonged hormonal therapies
Alcohol consumption (2 drinks a day compared to non-drinkers)
Smoking before the first live birth
Sedentary
white race
PATOLOGICAL ANATOMY
Subtopic
In order of frequency they are
ESC (C50. 4) and axillary portion (C50. 6): 49%.
Central (C50. 1) or nipple (C50. 0): 25%.
CSI (C50. 2. ): 18%.
CIE (C50. 5): 8%.
CII (C50. 3): 3%.