Body Systems
Endocrine System
Organ
Thyroid Gland
- Produces hormones that regulate bodys metabolic rate, growth and development
Parathyroid Gland
- Group of glands located at the bottom of our neck
- Responsible for producing hormone that controls calcium in our bloodstream
Hypothalamus
- Structure in our brain that is responsible
for coordinating everything
- Releases hormones, regulates body temp, controls appetite and more
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Adrenal Gland
- Small gland that produces various hormones
- These hormones control blood pressure and heart rate
Pancreas
- Regulates blood sugar levels by releasing insulin and glucagon
Malfunctions
Cushing's Disease when your body makes too much cortisol, progressive diesease.
Technology
Chemotherapy
Hormone inhibiting
drugs to keep cortisol
production lowered.
Surgery to remove
the tumor/pituitary
adrenal glands.
Functions
- Regulating processes in our body
- Development of the brain, nervous system and more
Skeletal System
Organs
Cartilage
- Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in joints between bones.
- It consists of chondrocyte cells and a matrix of collagen fibers and proteoglycans.
- Cartilage acts as a cushion and shock absorber, allowing smooth movement and preventing damage.
- It also plays a role in bone development and growth in children.
Bones
- Bones provide support, structure, and protection to the body and are involved in movement.
- They are hard, mineralized tissues made up of living cells, collagen, and calcium phosphate.
- Bones are constantly being remodeled through the processes of bone formation and resorption.
- The adult human body has 206 bones of different sizes and shapes, from tiny bones in the ear to large bones in the legs and arms.
Ligaments
- Ligaments are tough, fibrous connective tissues that connect bones to each other in joints.
- They provide stability and support to joints.
- Ligaments are made up of collagen fibers and are highly elastic.
- They can stretch and recoil to absorb the forces and stresses placed on the joint during movement.
- Ligaments limit excessive motion and control joint position, thereby preventing injury.
- They play an important role in joint movement.
Tendons
- Tendons connect muscles to bones in the body
- made up of collagen fibers
- Tendons are highly resistant to tensile forces
- They transmit the force generated by muscle contraction to the bone, resulting in movement
- Tendons play a crucial role in movement
- subjected to high levels of stress and strain during physical activity.
Malfunctions
Osteoporosis
- Bones become fragile and brittle
- Loss of tissue is the cause
- Hormonal changes or calcium/vitamin D deficiency can lead to it
- Increased risk of bone fractures, especially in older individuals
- May also cause loss of height and stooped posture
Technology
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
A type of xray to measure bone density
Functions
- GIve the body its shape
- Makes blood cells, helps with movement
- Protects organs such as our heart (ribs)
Digestive System
Organs
Pharynx
- It is a muscular tube-like structure.
- Located behind the nasal cavity, mouth, and larynx.
- Functions as a passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems.
- Allows air to pass from the nose/mouth to the lungs.
- Allows food to pass from the mouth to the esophagus.
Pancreas
- Pancreas: glandular organ in abdominal cavity
- Function: digestion and metabolism
- Produces enzymes and hormones
- Enzymes break down carbs, proteins, fats in small intestine
- Produces insulin and glucagon hormones
- Hormones regulate metabolism of glucose and nutrients in body
Esophagus
-Esophagus: muscular tube connecting throat to stomach
- Location: behind trachea, runs through chest and abdomen
- Function: transport food and liquids from mouth to stomach
- Mechanism: rhythmic contractions of muscles (peristalsis)
- Esophageal sphincter: ring of muscle at bottom of esophagus
- Function: prevent stomach contents from refluxing into esophagus.
Gallbladder
- Gallbladder: small, pear-shaped organ under liver
- Function: store and release bile
- Bile: digestive fluid produced by liver
- Function: break down fats in small intestine for nutrient absorption
- Release of bile: triggered by presence of fatty foods in small intestine.
Mouth
- The mouth is an opening in the face that serves as the primary entryway for food and air into the body.
- It is lined with mucous membranes and contains structures like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands.
- The tongue, teeth, and salivary glands aid in digestion, while the mouth also plays a role in communication through speech and facial expressions.
Small, Large Intestine
Small intestine:
- Narrow, highly convoluted tube
- Connects stomach to large intestine
- Absorbs nutrients from food
- Breaks down remaining food particles with enzymes
Large intestine
- Wider tube
- Absorbs water and electrolytes from undigested food material
- Forms solid feces for elimination from body through rectum and anus
- Houses beneficial bacteria that aid in digestion and promote health
Liver
- The liver is a large organ located on the right side of the abdomen.
- It plays a vital role in metabolism by processing nutrients and detoxifying harmful substances.
- The liver produces bile, stores glucose, produces blood-clotting proteins, and removes old red blood cells from circulation.
Stomach
- Stomach is a muscular organ in upper abdomen
- Located between esophagus and small intestine
- Primary function is to break down food into smaller particles
- Mixes food with gastric acid and digestive enzymes to form chyme
- Chyme is released into small intestine for digestion and absorption of nutrients
- Regulates rate of food passage into small intestine
- Helps protect body from harmful microorganisms in food.
Malfunctions
Lactose intolerance
- Lactose intolerance is a common digestive disorder caused by a deficiency of lactase, an enzyme that breaks down lactose in milk and dairy products
- Symptoms can include bloating, abdominal pain, gas, diarrhea, and nausea
- Diagnosis is done through a lactose tolerance test
Technology
Mobile apps and websites
- Various mobile apps and websites can help people with lactose intolerance to identify lactose-containing foods and provide information about lactose-free alternatives
Biotechnology and genetic engineering
- Lactase supplements are available in the form of pills or drops and can help break down lactose before consuming dairy products
Functions
- Breaks down food into different nutritions
such as fats, carbs and protein
Urinary System
Organ
Bladder
- Bladder is a muscular sac in the pelvis that stores urine until urination
- Lined with transitional epithelium, which allows it to expand and contract
- Detrusor muscle contracts to push urine out of the bladder through the urethra during urination
- Average capacity is around 400-600 mL of urine
- Capacity can vary based on age, sex, and health status.
Kidney
- Kidneys: two bean-shaped organs behind rib cage in back of abdomen
- Function: filter waste products and excess fluid from blood to produce urine
- Also regulate electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and produce hormones to stimulate RBC production
- Receive blood from renal arteries and return it to the body through renal veins
Ureters
- Ureters connect kidneys to the urinary bladder
- Responsible for carrying urine using peristaltic contractions
- Approx. 25-30 cm long and 3-4 mm in diameter
- Enter the bladder obliquely to prevent backflow of urine
- Lined with transitional epithelium that allows them to expand and contract
Urethra
Male
- Male urethra: carries urine and semen, 20cm long
- Originates: bladder, passes through prostate, base of penis, external urethral opening
- Divided into 3 parts: prostatic, membranous, and spongy (penile) urethra
- Prostatic urethra: passes through prostate gland
- Membranous urethra: passes through pelvic floor muscles
- Spongy urethra: runs through the penis
- Function: carries urine and serves as a passageway for semen during ejaculation.
Female
- Female urethra is a short tube-like structure
- Serves as a passageway for urine to exit the body
- Starts at the bladder and ends at the external urethral opening
- External urethral opening is located between the clitoris and the vaginal opening
- Female urethra is about 4 cm long
- Does not have any other functions besides carrying urine out of the body
Malfunctions
Kidney stones
- Kidney stones are small, hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys.
- They are typically made up of calcium oxalate, uric acid, or struvite.
- They can cause severe pain as they travel from the kidneys to the bladder through the ureters.
Technology
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
- ESWL breaks up kidney stones into smaller pieces
- Uses shock waves to achieve this
- Smaller pieces can then pass through urinary tract more easily
- Non-invasive medical procedure
- Does not require surgery
- Outpatient basis
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
- Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure
- It's used to remove large or complex kidney stones.
- Involves making a small incision in the back
- Access the kidney using a special instrument called a nephroscope
- Break up the stone using ultrasound or laser technology
- The stone fragments are removed through the incision or through a small tube called a nephrostomy tube
Functions
- Filter blood and create waste product
Integumentary
Organs
Skin
- Largest organ
Hair Nails Glands
Muscles
- Lifting weights and support
Nerves
- Carry electrical signals from your brain to body
Blood Vessels
- Transport blood throughout body
Malfunctions
Melanoma, uncontrolled
growth of melanocytes
a type of skin cancer.
Technology
Surgical excision
Immunotheropy
Functions
- Body temp
- Vitamin d
Immune System
Malfunctions
Type 1 Diabetes -
immune system damages
the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas
Technology
Insulin Shots/Pump
to control blood
glucose, prevent
damage from diabetes.
Organs
Lymph Node
Spleen
Lymphatic Vessel
Thymus Gland
Functions
Defend body against infections
protecting the body's cell.
Recording germs it has beat
to recognize and destroy.
The Nervous System
Functions
Transmit signals
from brain to every
other system/
organ
Malfunctions
Dysautonomia failure
of ANS, automatic functions
Technology
Therapy and surgery
Dieting/Lifestyle Changes/Plans
Organs
Spinal Cord
- Sends motor commands
Brain
- Computer of the body
The Muscular System
Malfunctions
Muscular Dystrophy
Loss of muscle,
loss of movement.
Technology
Steroids to maintain
muscle mass.
Braces and Wheelchairs
to deal with complications
Functions
Movement of the body
Organs
Skeletal Muscles
- Muscles that connect to your bones and help with movement
Cardiovascular systems
Organs
Blood vessels
- Transport blood throughout body (veins and arteries)
Heart
- Pumps blood throughout body
Functions
Make sure your bdy gets
oxygen and nutrients
Malfcuntions
Atherosclerosis
Plaque build up
in arteries
Technology
Anti-Clotting medicine to reduce risk of complication
ACE inhibitors
lowering blood
pressure, lowering
heart workload.
The Reproductive System
Male
Functions
Produce Testosterone
Produce Sperm
Reproduce with female
Organs
Penis
- Primary sexual organ
- Used for urination
Testes
- Produces sperm
Scrotum
- Function is to protect the testes
Vas deferens
- A tube that carries sperm from the testicles
Prostate gland
- A tube that carries sperm from the testicles
Urethra
- Male urethra: carries urine and semen, 20cm long
- Originates: bladder, passes through prostate, base of penis, external urethral opening
- Divided into 3 parts: prostatic, membranous, and spongy (penile) urethra
- Prostatic urethra: passes through prostate gland
- Membranous urethra: passes through pelvic floor muscles
- Spongy urethra: runs through the penis
- Function: carries urine and serves as a passageway for semen during ejaculation.
Malfunction
Erectile Dysfunction
Inability to maintain erection.
Technology
Vacuum Erection Devices
Penile Implants
Female
Organs
Uterus
- Where the fetus forms, develops and grows
- Also known as the womb
Fallopian tubes
- Pair of tubes where the eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus
Vagina
- Has 3 main functions
- Passageway for blood during period, also where the baby exits the womb from and for sexual intercourse
Ovaries
- A gland where eggs form
- Also where hormones such as estrogen and progesterone are made
Functions
Menstruation
Fertility
Reproduction
Malfunctions
Endometriosis
Technology
Pain management
Birth Control Pills
to control hormones
Respiratory system
Funcrions
Allow us to breathe
Malfunction
Asthma
Causes tightness in your airways causing difficulty in breathing and wheezing.
Technology
Inhalers
Relaxes your airway
allow air to be
breathed in easily.
Nebulizers
Turns liquid medicine
to mist, allowing
medicine to be breathed
in.
Organs
Lungs
- Air enters our lungs located near our chest
Trachea
- Airway that leads from Larynx to bronchi
diaphragm
- Helps inhale and exhale
-
Pharynx
- It is a muscular tube-like structure.
- Located behind the nasal cavity, mouth, and larynx.
- Functions as a passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems.
- Allows air to pass from the nose/mouth to the lungs.
- Allows food to pass from the mouth to the esophagus.
Larynx
- Lets air pass from throat to trachea
Bronchi
- Direct air to left and right lung
-