Forms
Forms
Used
Converts to
Converts to
Forms
forms
interacts w/
forms
forms
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
made up of
can have
produces
is
goes through
contains
has
goes through
goes to
carries
Determined by
joins
removes
made of
made of
forms
bind to
done by
needs
allows
are aided by
plant cells
animal cells
allows
go down
Responsible for
Started because of
Dissolves
Means
Held by
Means
changes
is made of
are made of
can form
Which Means
initiates
goes to
Cells communicate through
bears
done by
binds to
signals
carries
important factor of
allow
binded by
flows to
formed by
go against
dimerize and function as
adds
flows to
transfers genetic information using
activates
if 02 present
converts
uses
leads to
replicated through
made at
communicate with
transcribed into
transcribed into
made of two
allow
uses
allow
binds to
enters nucleus and binds
shipped through
add/remove
catalyzes
Cells communicate through
controls passage of
makes up
transfers genetic information using
interaction influences
goes to
Explains
to
bind to
makes up
activates
can form
binds and activates
bind to
make up
added to

ce

c1

Chemical Bonds

AP

Intermolecular

H-Bond

Polar

Differing Electronegativities

Van der Vaal's

Hydrophobic

Hydrophillic

Nonpolar

Similar Electronegativities

Dipole-Dipole

Intramolecular

Ionic

Non-Metals + Metal

Anions

Negatively Charged Ions

Cations

Positively Charged Ions

Covalent

Non-Metals

Biological Molecules

carbohydrates

monosaccharides

disaccharides

polysaccharides

storage

glycogen

dextran

starch

amylopectin

amylose

structure

chitin

cellulose

proteins

amino acids

primary structure

lipids

fatty acids

saturated

single bonds

unsaturated

cis

double bonds

trans

nucleic acids

RNA

ribose

DNA

deoxyribose

nucleotides

nitrogenous bases

cytosine

uracil

thymine

guanine

adenine

water properties

bn

properties

high specific heat

a lot of energy is required to break hydrogen bonds between water

high surface tension

hydrogen bonds

adhesion

capillary action

cohesion

high heat of vaporization

a lot of energy required to change from liquid to gas

universal solvent

polar molecules

low density when frozen

water freezing @0 Celsius

water floats

2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen

H20

states

solid

liquid

gas

Structural Evolution of Cells

LS

Biological Evolution

Replication of RNA

ce

Origins and Initial Structure
of Cells

Chemical Evolution Hypothesis

Oparin's Bubble Hypothesis

Miller Urey Experiment

Plant Cells

Cell Wall

Animal Cells

ECM

secondary structure

alpha helices

tertiary structure

quaternary structure

beta pleated sheets

Chloroplasts

(Both have)

Vacuole

Membrane

Mitochondria

Cytoplasm

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes

Endosymbiont Theory

Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
in Eukaryotic Cells

concept map 2

cell membranes

passive transport

diffusion

small, non-polar molecules

osmosis

water tonicity

hypotonic

lysed

turgid

hypertonic

plasmolyzed

shriveled

isotonic

flaccid

normal

concentration gradient

facilitated diffusion

proteins

carrier

pump

polar molecules/ions

active transport

exocytosis

energy (ATP)

endocytosis

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

receptor-mediated

energy transfer

types of energy

chemical energy

light energy

thermal energy

eletrical energy

cellular processes

photosynthesis

cellular respiration

energy flow

trophic levels

food chains

energy pyramid

Cell Communication and Signaling

Physical Contact

Signaling

Eukaryotic Cells

Gap Junctions (Animal Cells)

Plasmodesmata (Plant Cells)

Synaptic Signaling

Local Signaling

Long Distance Signaling

Paracrine Signaling

Signal Molecule

Receptor

Membrane Receptor

Intracellular Receptor

Steroid Hormone

Hormone receptor complex

Genes

mRNA

Protein

G Protein Linked
Receptor

Tyrosine Kinase
Receptor

Ion Channel
Receptor

G Protein

Enzyme

Polypeptides

Kinase

Phosphate Group

Tyrosines

Cellular Response

Ions

Adenylyl Cyclase

ATP

cAMP

Protein

Phosphatase

Concept Map 3

Flow of Genetic information

DNA

Proteins

RNA

Transcription

Translation

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Initiation

RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII)

RNA Polymerase (RNAP)

Promoter

Transcription Factors

RNA Synthesis

Elongation

Termination

Pre-mRNA

3' PolyA tail

RNA Splicing/ DNA Processing

Introns

Exons

5' Cap

Template Strand

Initiation

tRNA

Amino Acid

Codon chart

GTP

Small Ribosomal
Subunit

Met

f-Met

Initiation
Factors

Large Ribosomal
Subunit

Elongation

Peptide Chain

Peptidyl
Transferase

Termination

Release Factor

Stop Codon

Glycoprotein

Vesicle

Golgi

Lysosomes

Back to ER

Membrane

Secretion

Other Destinations of Proteins

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Peroxisomes

Amylase

Insulin

Casein

Albumin

Collagen

DNA

cells

gametes

sperm

haploid

egg

somatic

diploid

meiosis

meiosis I

chromosomes separate

sister chromatids separate

meiosis II

4 haploid daughter cells

genes

genetic mutations

frameshift

missense

silent

chromosomes

mitosis

2 diploid daughter cells

prophase

telophase

anaphase

metaphase

double-stranded

nucleotides

phosphate group + sugar

bases

adenine

guanine

thymine

cytosine

DNA Replication

Messleson and Stahl

Conservative

Semiconservative

Dispersive

ORI

Replication Fork

Helicase

Replication Bubble

Topoisomerase

SSB

Primase

Leading Strand

Lagging Strand

Okazaki Fragments

Ligase

Floating topic

Spliceosome

Alternate Splicing

Anaerobic Fermenation

Aerobic Cell Respiration

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Pyruvate Oxidation

Enters Mitochondria

Oxidizes

NADH

Acetyl CoA

Oxaloacetate

Citrate

Glycolysis

Glucose6P

Fructose6P

Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate

Pyruvate

Phases

Energy Investment

2 ATP

Energy Payoff

2 NADH

4 ATP

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcohol Fermentation

Lactate

2 Acetaldehyde

transmembrane protein