Diversity of Life
Bacteria
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
-no nucleus
-no membrane
-single circular chromosome-microscopic size
-can be autotrophs or heterotrophs
-can be pathogenic
Eubacteria
Major Morphologies
-The Coccus - spherical - Streptococcus pneumoniae
-The Bacillus - rod shaped - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-The Spirochete - spiral shape - Treponema denticola
Characteristics
-
Eukarya
Main topic
Archaea
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
-no nucleus
-no membrane
-single circular chromosome
-can be an autotroph or heterotroph
-cell wall is made is made of peptidoglycin
Archaebacteria
-representative species - Methanobrevibacter smithii
-live in the most extreme environments
(ex. hot springs, extremely acidic or
alkaline waters, etc.)
-live in oxygen-free environments
-microscopic size
-cell wall is made of pseudomurein
Red = domains of life
teal = 6 kingdoms
Fungi
-Eukaroyotic
-chemoheterotrophic - cannot produce
their own food, so they must absorb it
-usually not motile
-cell walls composed of chitin
-multiple nuclei
Zygomycota
are common molds such as bread mold-
Rhizopus stolonifer
-can reproduce sexually and
-
-asexually - sporangiosores
Basidommycota
club fungi- mushrooms and clubfungi-
Crucibulum vulgare
Ascomycota
Sac fungi - includes yeasts, truffles, morels-
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Deuteromycota
imperfect fungi - parasitic fungi - causes diseases-
Penicillium chrysogenum
purple = phyla
brown = class
blue = characteristics
LEGEND
Protista
Animalia
Annelid
Polychaete
Marine worms
-have paired paddle-like
appendages with setae
Oligochaete
Earthworms - Lumbricina
-bodies have few setae
-live in soil or freshwater
-castings enrich soil
Hirudinea
Leeches
-external parasites with suckers on each
Nematoda
-heterotroph
-multicellular
-capable of movement in
some point in their lives
-develop from embryos
-animal cells are diploid
Plantae
-autotroph
-multicellular
-photosynthetic -contain
chlorophyll "a" and "b"
-develop from embryos
Aquatic to Terrestrial adaptations
-stand upright
-prevent moisture loss through
cuticle and stomata
-tissue that moves nutrients and
waste
"Xylem and Phloem"
-reproductive strategies
-development of root structure
-increased surface area of the plant
above ground
-Most diverse kingdom
-can be unicellular or multi
cellular
-all protista prefer to be in
aquatic or moist environments
-some are parasitic
-heterotrophic or autotrophic
-motile
-large complex cells with many organelles
-move using pseudopods, cilia or flagella
"Animal-like" Protista
Protozoa
Sarcodines
"Amoeba"
-no definite shape
-uses pseudopod (false feet) to move
-move slowly, must rely on slow moving prey
-wraps around prey and fuses
-lysosome in amoeba breaks down food
-has contractile vacuole (removes excess water)
-reproduce with binary fission
Cilliates
"Paramecium"
-single-celled
-surrounded by cilia that allow it to move faster
-contractile vacuole - gets rid of excess water
-exhibits avoidance behavior
-food is gathered through mouth pore
-anal pore is used for removing waste
Zoo flagellates
'"Trypanosoma gambiense"
-lives within water or within another organism
-move by beating long flagella
-most live in bodies of animals or tissues of plants
-symbiotic relationship with termites
-absorb food across membrane
Sporozoan
"Plasmodium"
-lives in the gut of a female mosquito and the bloodstream of certain animals
-non-motile
-parastic
"Plant-like" protista
Rhodophyta
'Red algae"
-non-motile
-some live in freshwater but most inhabit marine low tidal zones
Dinoflagellates
-Some species are photosynthetic autotrophs and others are heterotrophic
-can be carnivorous, parasitic or mutualistic -jellyfish, mollusks, coral
Euglenoids
-live in freshwater ponds and streams
-single- celled microorganism
-has both animal and plant characteristics
"Fungi-like" Protista
-EUKARYOTIC CELLS - complex cell
-have a true nucleus surrounded
by a complex nuclear membrane
-membrane bound organelles
in the cytoplasm
-genome of cell is found in multiple rod-
shaped chromosomes
green = subphyla
yellow = groupings
Anthrocerophyta
Ceratophyllum demersum
hornworts
Ceratophyllum demersum
Non-Vascular Plants
(Bryophyta)
Hepaticophyta
liverworts
Marchantia polymorpha
mosses - Bryophyta
Glittering Wood moss or
Hylocomium splendens
mosses
Glittering Wood moss or
Hylocomium splendens
Seedless Vasular
(Pteridophyta)
Pterophyta
Whisk fern -Psilotum nudum
ferns - Osmunda regalis
horsetails - Equisetum hyemale
Lycophyta
Club mosses - Lycopodium clavatum
-similar to fungi
cellular slime molds
-
Acellular slime molds
water molds
Porifera
"Sponges"
-no mouth, digestive, nervous
system or muscles
-asymmetry - no definite
shape
-sessile
-filter feed
-skeleton composed of spongin
(soft) and spicules (hard)
Cnidarian
-tentacles
-stinging cells (Cnidocytes)
-2 tissue layers
-gastrovascular cavities
-radial symmetry
-2 body forms- medusa, polyp
-prickly barbs (Nematocysts)
Anthozoa
-true corals,
anemones, sea
pens
Cubozoa
-box jellies
-complex eyes
-potent toxins
Hydrozoa
-most diverse
-hydroids, fine
corals, medusae
Scphozoa
true jelly fish
Platyhelminthes
-segmented worms (body segments
separated by septa)
-digestive tract
-body segmentation
-true coelem
-closed circulatory system
-advanced nervous system
Arthropods
-hard exoskeleton made of chitin and protein
-possess numerous joined appendages and
a segmented body
-must molt to grow
-bilateral symmetry
-jointed legs
-many pairs of limbs
Mollusks
-shells
-foot
-coelem
-mantle - covers visceral mass
-body plan
Bivalves (Clams, Oysters, Scallops)
Ex. Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas
- 2 part shell held together by muscles
- no head
- use foot to bury into substrate
- filter food
Gastropods (Snails, Slugs)
Ex. Carolina mantleslug, Philomycus carolinianus
-live in marine, fresh-water and terrestrial habitats
-have radula - scrape vegetation or drill into shells of
other mollusks
Cephlopods (Octopus, Squid, Cuttlefish)
Ex. North Pacific giant octopus, Enteroctopus dofleini
-fast moving
-great sense of vision
-closed circulatory system
Enchinoderms
-invertebrate
-marine animals
-hard, spiny covering of the skin
-radial symmetry as adults
-2 feet that assist in movement
-vascular skeleton
-
Chordates
-dorsal nerve cord
-notochord
-paired gill slits
-post anal tail
Vertabrate
-spinal column or backbone
-anterior part of the dorsal hollow nerve is enlarged into a brain
-body is divided into head, neck, trunk
-presence of tail during some point of the embryonic development
-jointed internal skeleton
-2 pairs of appendages
-closed circulatory system
-red blood cells contain hemoglobin
-2-4 chambered hearts
-lungs and gills are the respiratory system
-2 layered skin
Gnathostomata
(Jawed Animals)
Agnathans
(Jawless fish)
Lamprey, Hagfish
Urochrodate
-motile larvae display chordate characteristics
-sessile adult retains the pharyngeal apparatus which it uses for filter feeding
Cephlochordate
-filter feeders
-burrow in the substrate of coastal waters
-pharyngeal slits for filter feeding
-3 germ layers
-bilateral symmetry with
head and tail
-centralized nervous system
-no circulatory system
-no hard skeleton
-no coelem
-unsegmented worms
-bilateral symmetry
-complete digestive tract
-pseudoceolem
-body cavity contains organs
-heterotrophic
(consume other
organisms)
-some are parasitic
-heterotrophic
(absorb nutrients
from other organisms)
-2 body segments
-6 pairs of appendages (4 for walking,
2 for mouth parts)
-no mandibles/antennae
-chelicerae and pedipalps are mouth
parts
Pycnogonida (Ex. Nymphon gracile)
Merostomata (Ex. Atlantic horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus)
Arachnida (Ex. Goliath birdeater, Theraphosa blondi)
Chelicerates
Hexapod
-body divided into head, thorax, abdomen
-uniramous appendages
-one pair of antennae
-3 pairs of walking legs
-most have wings attached to the thorax
-2 pairs of mouth parts
-mandibles and maxillae
Insecta (Ex. Western honey bee, Apis mellifera)
Entognatha (Ex. Cryptopygus antarcticus)
-mandibles
-compound eyes
-biramous appendages
-most live in aquatic habitats (except pill bugs)
Malacostraca (Ex. Horsehair crab, Erimacrus isenbeckii)
Maxillopoda (Ex. smooth gooseneck barnacle, Lepas anatifera)
Branchiopoda (Ex. Artemia salina)
Ostracoda (Ex. Limnocythere porphyretica)
Myriapod
Crustacea
-many legs
Diplopoda (Ex. yellow-spotted millipede, Harpaphe haydeniana)
Symphyla (Ex. Scutigerella immaculata)
Pauropoda (Ex. Pauropus amicus)
Chilopoda (Ex. Cryptops hortensis)
Orange = super class
-appear leafy but lack true stems,
roots, leaves
-limited in size
-moist habitats
Chondrichthyes
(Cartilaginous fish)
-cartilage skeleton
-jaws and paired fins
-some sharks have electrosensor organs- allow them
detect prey
-sensory organs on sharks allow them to sense changes
in water pressures
Osteichthyes
(bony fish)
-stiff, strong, bony skeletons
-swim-bladder - gas filled sac allows fish to control density and depth in water
-scales protect skin
-operculum - bony flap covers chamber housing the gills
Amphibia
-moist skin- absorbs oxygen, aids in respiration
-double life - live in terrestrial habitats as adults and aquatic when time to reproduce
-3 chambered heart
Reptilia
-internal fertilization
-scales
-clawed toes
-3 chambered heart
-amniotic egg
Aves
-feathers
-hollow bones with air sacs
-endothermic
-gizzard
-endothermic
-amniotic egg
Mammals
-presence of hair
-4 chambered heart
-viviparous
-mammary glands on females
-3 middle ear bones
-endothermic
Monotreme
-reproduce by laying eggs
-mothers have a cloaca instead of a uterus and vagina
-eggs are retained in mothers body for weeks while
she provides it with nutrients
Marsupials
-reproduce by giving birth to an immature and undeveloped
fetus
-babies live inside the pouch of their mother where they grow and develop
WHY IT IS SUPERIOR TO MONOTREMES
-egg of the monotreme is much harder to protect than the immature fetus
order:Diprotodontia
Ex. Mountain pygmy possum - Burramys parvus
Placental Mammals
-young is nurtured by the placenta which develops
during the pregnancy
-nourished before birth in mothers uterus
WHY IT IS SUPERIOR TO MARSUPIALS
-longer developmental period within the protection
of the womb
-placenta increases the surface area which a fetus can recieve nutrients
-in marsupials, the fetus is born smaller and less mature than other mammals and the nutrients given by the mother are very limited
order:carnivora
Ex. Japanese worlf - Canis lupus hodophilax
order: rodentia
Ex. Brown rat - Rattus norvegicus
Gymnosperm
(Seeds, Vascular)
Coniferophyta
conifers
Ex. White spruce - Picea glauca
Cycadophyta
cycads
Ex. Stangeria eriopus
Ginkophyta
ginkgo
Ex. Gingo Tree - Ginkgo biloba
gnetophyta
gnetophyta
Ex. Gnetum africanum
Angiosperm (Flowering)
Anthophyta
Monocot
Dicot