alter
carry
into
activation of cytoplasmic kinase domains
Such as
Such as
Found in
Is used in the Calvin cycle along with ATP & CO2 to make
to create
Energy then flows through
transfer the energy and create
Where Energy is transferred through the
Enters the
Step 1
Where
which leads to
When
Such as
Found in
Can be made in
Method of creation
Can be made in
Type of response
Type of response
Type of response
Type of response
Type of response
What happens after
Step 2
Step 1
Involves this stage
Involves this stage
Involves this stage
When they are located here
Can be found in
Can be found in
Step 1
Function
Function
Function
Enters the Nucleus
Posphodiesterase
Activates
Which converts ATP to
Binds to
which activates
changes the shape of protein
Step 1
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Classified as
Type
Type
Type
Uses in RTK
Uses
Uses
Type of cell signaling
Type of cell signaling
Which is a component of
Used to create
Type
Type
It can go other places as well such as
Step 6
Step 5
Step 4
Step 3
Step 2
Coiled more
process of
Step 1
Wound up with H1
Operon off bound to
Bound By
is activated by camp
type
type
Types
types
Next to it in Prokaryotes
Bound by when operator is on
parts of the DNA
step 3
step 2
starts at TSS
Step 3
Step 2
Step 1
modified part called
RNA is the Pre mRNA
Result
step 1
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
RNA Pol II
mRNA synthesis stops at terminator seq
mRNA builds/made to 5'- 3
DNA polymerase III
SSB enzyme
helices enzyme
steps
Model
mature mRNA processed
form
creates
result
what it does
what it does
binds to
binds to
contains
contains
contains
makes
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
carried out by
definition
Phase 3
Phase 1
Phase 2
bonded by
bonded by
from
When DNA is connected to the histone core
Parts of the DNA
Functions
proteins are made through
replication occurs during
proteins are made through
shape
Characteristic
Types
Types
Types of fat
Type of fat
Components
Components
Created by
Composed of
holds
Enclosed in
Found in
Can be found in
Can be found in
Type of sugar
Type of sugar
Contains
Contains
Type
Type
When phosphate group is missing
Has a
Has a
Has a
Components of
Made up of (monomer) - polymer bonded with phosphodiester linkages)
Composed of
Found free in
found bound in
Can be
Can be
Can be
Can be
Split into
Split into
Split into
What carrier proteins are used for
Where they're located
Held By
Acts as a
Used in
Operates as an
Synthesized by
Made of
What it can be used for
Composed of
Located in
Uses this type of transport
Example
2 of these can make
Type
Type
Main function
Example
Component of
Example
Type
Type
Made up of (monomer)
What they are used for
Polymer of
Composed of
Type
Type
Type
Type
Nucleotides with Adenine is used to form the
H-bond in the main chain
Vital source for cell signaling. Can be found on the surface of cells as receptors.
binds to
R-Group Interactions
Hydrolysis
binds to
Biomolecules and enzymes serve as transporters moving nutrients and other molecules in and out of the cell in cell signaling
When glucose is present, the production of this (cAMP) is stopped. The CAP now cannot be activated and the operon is turned off. This also causes transcription to happen at a lower rate.
Activated by
Can be found in groups of three. These groups are known as "codons". When one of these bases within that codon is changed, deleted, or moved, this can cause a nutation- affecting this process...
are added to ribosomes by
R-Group Interactions
In order for a cell to manufacture proteins, specific genes within its DNA must first be "transcribed" into molecules of mRNA
Can serve as enzymes that catalyze reactions before a new product is made during each step of this process...
is caused by this sequence in the DNA & the things that bind to it

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates

Structure: C, H, O

Polysaccharide

Structural

Cellulose

Cell Wall

Storage

Starch

Function

Energy source

Monosaccharides

Glucose

Fructose

Disaccharide

Sucrose

Active Transport

Cell Membrane

Proteins

Structure: C, H, O, N

Function

Enzyme

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

Muscle Development

Carrier

Cell Membrane

Faciliated Diffusion

Amino Acids

Amino Group

Carboxyl Group

R Group

Polar

Nonpolar

Acidic

Basic

Ribosomes

Rough ER

Mitochondria:(along w/DNA)

Nucleic Acids

Structure: C, H, O, N, P

Nucleotides

Phosphate Group

Nucleoside

Nitrogenous Base

Purines

Adenine & Guanine

Pyramidines

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

Pentose Sugar

Deoxyribose

DNA

Ribose

RNA

DNA

Nucleus

Nuclear Envelope

Centrosomes

Lipids

Structure: C, H, O

Glycerol

Fatty Acid

Saturated

Unsaturated

Cis

Trans

Prescence of unsaturated fats (due to their double bond) can increase membrane fluidity

Smooth ER: other functions are metabolize carbs, dextoxifieng drugs and poisons.

EX of interactions: Polar, Nonpolar, Acid, Base, Disulfide

One Parent and Daughter Strand in each copy (Messleson & Stahl)

Distal Control Element(bind near gene) Activators bring high levels Repressors bring low basal level. Binds to Enhancers

Histone core: H2A, H2B,H3, H4. 300 nm Looped domains

Poly A polymerase adds Poly A tail. While splicesomes do splicing

Complimentary base pairs bonded with hydrogen bonds while base nucleotides bound by phosphodiester bonds

Proximal Element brings Basal level transcription

Double bond. Creates a fluid phospholipid bilayer. Found in oils

When light enters the thylakoid it hits a chlorophyll mlcl which excites electrons. When the elctrons go into the ground state they release heat and light like a cascade.

These molecules tend to be small and non polar which allows it to go straight through the membrane.

Single bond full of hydrogen. Creates a rigid phospholipid bilayer, Found in butter

The process described is for proteins whose synthesis is completed in the ER. If proteins synthesis is complete on free ribosomes they can go to any organelle.

Made by forming a long chain of nucleotides and H-Bond through the Nitrogenous bases to create a double helix.

Uses the energy from the movement of electrons in the system to pump protons against concentration gradient and back down to make ATP. H20 donates electrons and creates O2

Signal transduction also uses ATP. The ATP that it needs comes from the many processes that are already taking place inside of the cell that yield ATP. This ATP is used as a substrate for kinases.

The whole process from after reception to before the cellular response is transduction.

Glycerols and fatty acids are bonded together with ester linkages. Function of lipids are mainly energy storage.

Occurs in the nucleus in Eukaryotic cells & nucleoid region in Prokaryotic cells. Process by which DNA copies itself. (Hershey & Chase)

DNA Structure

double helix and double stranded

anti-parallel strands

complimentary base pairings

complimentary base pairings

TRANSLATION

elongation

large ribosome

P-peptidyl transferase

5-AUG-3'

small ribosomes

E-Exit

release Codon

A-Amino Acyl Transferase

adds Codon

continuous Codon cycle added

initiation

Termination

peptide bonds

RNA is used to produce proteins

Polypeptide

Ribosomes

always in Cytoplasm START+Complete

starts in Cytoplasm

START only

DNA REPLICATION

Semi conservative

ORI Origin of Replication

separates two strands of DNA

Keeps DNA strands single

primer binding

Elongation

Termination

TRANSCRIPTION

makes mRNA

occurs in Cytoplasm

mRNA that is ready
for TRANSLATION

occurs in Nucleus

needs to be modified before
it can be translated

RNA Processing

addition 5' G-CAP

splicing

addition Poly AAA tail

initiation

promoter binds to 3'-5' template

Elongation
mRNA made to 5'-3' direction

Termination
mRNA synthesis stops at
the terminator sequence

holds genetic material, provides directions for its own replication, directs synthesis for RNA (mRNA)

Promoter Sequence

Transcription Factors

Specific

Activators

Repressors

General

Active CAP

cAMP

Operator Sequence

Repressor

Allolactose

chromatin 10 nm

30 nm and 300 nm

300 nm metaphase chromosome

signal recognition particle binds to signal peptide that comes from the ribosome

particle brings ribosome to the ER which is around other proteins

ribosome goes back to translating which feeds the polypeptide through the pore and goes into the ER

signal peptidase cuts the signal peptide off

translation continues and the amino acid enters the ER lumen

completed polypeptide is sent into the ER where it floats around freely

Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, plasma membrane, etc.

Protein transport/Endomembrane Process

Molecules tend to be large and polar so they can't pass through.

Phosphatase deactivates the protein Kinase by removing a phosphate group.

Fat Molecules

Phospholipids

Phospholipid Bi-layer

Plasma membrane: the cells barrier

Triglycerides^

The transduction process starts off with a relay molecule. The relay molecules are called second messengers. Second messengers carry the message from one to the other. AN EXAMPLE OF A SECOND MESSENGER IS cAMP!

Side Chain: determines portions properties

Primary Structure Peptide Chain

Secondary Structure: Alpha Helices, Beta Plated Sheets

Teritary Structure

Quaternary Structure

Cell Signaling

Local Signaling

Synaptic Signaling

Paracrine Signaling

Long Distance

Hormonal Signaling

Proteins

Receptors

Membrane Receptors

GCPR

Signal mlcl binds to receptor

Which swaps out GDP for GTP

G-protien

Adenyl Cyclase (enzyme)

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Protein Kinase Cascade

Activates a Cellular Response

AMP

Tyrosine Kinase /RTK

Mediating cell to cell communication

Metabolism

Cell Growth

Ion channel

Signal molecule binds to the receptor

Intracellular Receptors

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Signaling Molecules

Membrane

Reception

Transduction

Activated receptor activates a molecule

More molecules are activiated

A response may occur in the cytoplasm or nucleus

Gene expression

Change in cell shape or size

Activation for a protein

Change in motility

Cell growth or division

Response

ATP

Phosphate groupA^

Cellular Respiration

ETC

Energy released from the electron transport chain (into the intermembrane space) forms a proton gradient

Chemiosmosis

That same energy/H+ ions that came from ETC goes down the gradient (into the mitochondrial matrix) and drives ATP synthesis

Photosynthesis

Light

Thylakoid

Chlorophyll and other Photosystem II

ATP and O2

Photosystem I

NADPH

G3P and eventually Glucose

Anaerobic processes

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis

Fermentation

Dimerization

extracellular signals

intracellular signals

the signal to Nucleus

patterns of protein transciptions