Grammar

verb - other verb
different verbs
both - meaning (different)

S + verb + verb -ing + cmp + .

I don't mind waiting if you're busy.

Necessary
Advisable
Permissible
Possible
Probable

Shall I make some tea for you?
May I come in?
Would you like to taste it?

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are used together with main verbs to represent the ability,

Is a verb tense in English that is used to talk about actions or situations that happened in the past but have relevance or connection to the present.

Positive Subject + have/has + v3 + object Negative Subject + have/has + not + v3 + object Question Have/has + subject + v3 + object +?

In the present simple, the passive is formed using the auxiliary verbs "am/is/are" followed by the past participle (3rd form of the verb)

Interrogative Am/is/are + subject + past participle verb

Negative Subject + am not/isn't/aren't + verb in past participle

Positive Subject + am /ist/are + verb in past participle

[Base Form of Verb] (+ Optional Subject) (+ Optional Modifier)

Request
Example Please pass the salt.
Excersice: Rewrite the following sentences as imperatives

Purpose

Subject

Verb Form

Politeness

Command
Close the door
Excersice: Rewrite the following sentences as imperatives.
Can you please send me an email

Negative Imperative
Example Don't forget to call me..
Excersice: Rewrite the following sentences as imperatives.
Interrupt me while I'm speaking

Negative Subject + wasn't/were n't+ past participle verb

Positive Subject + was/were + past participle verb

Interrogative Was/Were + subject + past participle verb

Positive: Subject + Will + Base form of the verb.

Negative: Subject + Will not/Won’t + Base form of the verb.

Interragotive: Will + Subject + Base form of the verb.

Negative Interrogative: Won’t + Subject + Base form of the verb

It is a word that is used to connect an independent clause to a relative clause

A clause that gives further information about the preceding noun or noun phrase

Examples

SubSheela, who is a teacher, also works as a social worker.
topic

The car that was stolen last month was found in a river.

They provide more information (time, place, or reason)

Why
I understand the reason why she was upset.

Tell me the story of why you decided to move

Where
The house where I grew up is now a museum.

This is the restaurant where we had our first date.

Connect the relative clause to the main clause.

When
The day when we met was unforgettable.

That's the moment when everything changed.

S + used to + inf. verb .

S + didn’t/did not + use to + m. verb

Did/Didn’t + use to + m. verb

We used to go to the seaside every summer when I was a kid.

Types

Definite and indefinite articles

The moon looks beautiful tonight.
Jesse ate an apple and an orange.

Demonstrative determiners

I don’t want to sit at this table. I want that table near the window.
We were very close in those days, but we rarely see each other these days

Possessive determiners|my, your, his, her, its, our and their

Penelope brought her cat to the vet.
The tree is shedding its leaves

PERSONAL

(he, she, they)

POSSESIVE

(his, her, their

DEMONSTRATIVE

(this, that, those

INTERROGATIVE

(who, what, which)

POSSESIVE

(his, her, their)

REFLEXIVE

(myself, herself, themselves)

INDEFINITED

(everyone, nobody, all)

According to the British Council a noun is a term used to identify something, whether it's a person

Examples

Table, book - Common

John, London - Proper

Love, Freedom - Abstract

Apple, Dog Bunch, group - Collective -

Types:

There are 9 types of nouns: Common nouns, Proper Nouns, Singular Nouns, Plural Nouns, Contauble Nouns, Uncountable Nouns, Concrete Nouns, Abstract Nouns and Collectuve Nouns.

The articles are small words that help us to specify the nouns. These 3 articles are “ an, the, a.

HOW TO USE THEM:

A” is used before nouns that begin with a consonant sound.
Example: A car


“An" is used before nouns that begin with a vowel sound.
Example: An apple



"The" is used to specify a particular noun.
Example: The book on the table

S + had + been + v-ing + .

S+ had not/hadn´t + been + v-ing + .

Had + S + been + v-ing + ?

Had’ followed by ‘been’, which followed by the present participle of the main verb and ing.

S + would + main verb base + .

S+ would not/ wouldn’t + main verb base + .

Would + S + main verb base + ?

When I was young I would play tennis.

S + had + verb (past participle) +complement

S + had + not + verb (past participle) +complement

Had + S + verb (past participle) + complement?

Positive :The film had started before we arrived.
Negative:They hadn't finished their homework
Interrogative:Had he studied for the test?

S + was/were + verb (ing) + object

S + was/were + not + verb (ing) + object

Was/were + S + verb (ing) + object?

subject + verb + ed

subject + did not + infinitive

Did + subject+ infinitive

Did not + subject + infinitive

John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.

relative clause is a type of dependent clause that modifies a noun and provides more information about it. It is introduced by a relative pronoun, which substitutes for a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun when sentences are combined.

Non-defining Clauses

Extra information
We use commas around them
We always use a relative pronoun
Never use THAT

Defining Clauses

Essential information
We do NOT use commas around them
If there’s a subject after the pronoun, we can eliminate the pronoun

Examples The reason why Jane was crying is unknown.
My boss, whose wife is CEO of 3 restaurants, is very rich.