Human Body

Muscular

The muscular system is the body's system of muscles, responsible for movement, posture, and circulation.

Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac muscle cells are responsible for the heart's pumping action by contracting and relaxing

Skeletal Muscles

Malfunction

Muscular Dystrophy

Technology

physical therapy, medication, and surgery. Some treatments can slow disease progression, extend mobility, and improve heart and lung function

condition marked by progressive weakening and wasting of the muscles

connect to your bones and allow you to perform a wide range of movements and functions

Smooth Muscles

smooth muscle contractions are automatic and controlled by the autonomic nervous system

Nervous

The nervous system is your body's control center, responsible for communication and coordinating body functions.

Brain

Cerebellum

vital part, responsible for coordinating movements, maintaining posture and balance, and contributing to motor learning and some cognitive functions

Cerebrum

Malfunctions

Alzeimers

TEchnology

Medications and lifestyle choices are definitely some of the best treatments. Getting used to seeing everyday things can help regain lost memories. Some medications also help boosting a few chemicals in your brain which then helps the memory flowing process

a type of dementia that affects memory, thinking and behavior

Areas within, control muscle functions and also control speech, thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learning

Brain Stem

part of the brain located at the base, connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord

functions as the body's control center, managing everything from thoughts and emotions to physical movements and vital functions like breathing and heart rate

Spinal Cord

It carries signals for sensation, movement, and other bodily functions, allowing for communication between the brain and nerves

Nerves

Malfunction

peripheral neuropathy

Technology

medication, physical therapy, lifestyle modifications, and sometimes, complementary therapies are ways to help, repairs nerves and helps it regain control

happens when the nerves that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord are damaged and can't send signals

transmit signals that enable us to feel sensations, move our muscles, and control bodily functions like breathing and digestion

Integumentary

The integumentary system is the body's outermost layer. It shields the body from bacteria, infection and injury. It also regulates body temperature and plays a role in feeling things.

Skin

Dermis

the middle layer of skin, positioned between the epidermis and the subcutaneous tissue

Epidermis

the outermost layer of your skin, a thin, tough layer that provides a barrier against the outside

Malfunction

Skin Cancer

Technology

surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy are a few ways to help cure it. Takes out the cancer cells

any cancer that originates in the skin, the body's largest organ. It can create many cuts or bruises that stay permanently

Hypodermis

the innermost layer of the skin, located beneath the dermis

HAir

Hair protects the body from UV damage and trauma.

Nails

protective plates made of hardened protein (keratin) found at the tips of fingers and toes

Glands

Sebaceous

an organ in your skin that make and secrete sebum. Sebum is an oily substance

Malfunction

Sebaceous Carcinoma

Technology

Radiation therapy or Surgery are ways to help cure. Takes out the cancer cells

type of skin cancer that originates in the sebaceous glands, which produce oil (sebum). It most commonly affects the eyelids

Sweat

Structures in the skin that produce and release sweat. Help regulate body temperature

Sensory recepters

Eyes, Ears, Mouth, Nose, Skin

Respiratory

The respiratory system is the body's network of organs and structure responsible for breathing, taking in oxygen and letting out carbon dioxide.

Airways

Trachea

often called the windpipe, helps transfer air in and out

Bronchi

the large tubes that direct
the air you breathe into lungs

Bronchioles

The smallest airways

Alveoli

Grape like clusters that filter
out air

Malfunction

Asthma

Technology

Inhalers, Medication and avoiding triggers help prevent asthma attacks. Helps calm your breathing and reduces inflammation in your airways

inflammatory lung disease
that causes breathing
difficulties

Lungs

a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located in the chest cavity that are essential for breathing and gas exchange

Malfunction

cystic fibrosis

Technology

CFTR modulator therapies, gene editing and gene therapy, and airway clearance devices. Helps clear up the lungs.

causes thick mucus that clogs certain organs such as the lungs, pancreas, and intestines.

Diaphragm

a muscle that helps you inhale and exhale. This thin, dome-shaped muscle sits below your lungs and heart.

Mouth

the entrance to the digestive system and plays a crucial role in breathing, speaking, and tasting

Nose

the entrance to
your respiratory
system

Throat

muscular tube in the neck that acts as a passageway for both air and food

Skeletal

The skeletal system is the body's internal framework that provides support, protection, and movement. It also helps create red blood cells and mineral storage

Bones

provides structural support and protection for the body

Malfunctions

osteoporosis

Technology

various medications and lifestyle changes can effectively manage and treat the condition. Helps relaxe/protect it and builds up the bone again

a bone disease that develops when bones grow weak. This can lead to a decrease in bone strength that can increase the risk of broken bones

Cartilage

connective tissue that protects your joints and bones. It acts as a shock absorber

Malfunctions

osteoarthritis

Technology

assistive devices, like braces and splints, protect joints and ease pain, while smart knee braces can monitor and support joint movement. Helps relaxe/protect it and builds up the bone again

common type of arthritis, a degenerative joint disease where the protective cartilage in joints wears down over time

Tendons

flexible band or cord of connective tissue that connects muscles to bones, allowing movement

Ligaments

a connective tissue that usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable

Joints

a point where two or more bones come together, forming a connection that allows for movement

Circulatory

The circulatory system is the network of organs and tissues that transports blood, nutrients, and oxygen throughout the body

Blood vessels

Capillaries

they deliver nutrients and oxygen to cells and remove waste products like carbon dioxide.

Veins

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart, after it has delivered oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues

Arteries

blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body

Malfunction

Arteriovenous Malformations

Technology

surgery, endovascular embolization, and radiosurgery are a few ways to treat it. This helps correct the organs and place them into their right place

tangle of arteries and veins with no capillaries between them, disrupting normal blood flow and oxygen delivery

Heart

a vital muscular organ that acts as a pump, circulating blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients

Right Atrium

It receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle

Left Atrium

It receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and then pumps it into the left ventricle

Right Ventricle

Its primary function is to pump deoxygenated blood from the right atrium to the lungs for oxygenation. Then pumps it to the left atrium

Left Ventricle

It's responsible for pumping oxygen-rich blood from the lungs out to the rest of the body

Valves

Aortic Valve

It controls the flow of oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the aorta, preventing it from flowing backward

Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

It ensures blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle and prevents backflow during heartbeats.

Pulmonary Valve

it controls the passage of blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, which then carries the blood to the lungs to get oxygen

Tricuspid Valve

acts like a one-way door, ensuring blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle

Malfunction

Heart attack

Technology

bn

when the flow of blood to
the heart is severely reduced
or blocked

Excretory

The excretory system is a system that removes waste products and excess substances from the body. It works by filtering the blood, regulating water balance, and expelling substances like urine and sweat.

Urethra

passageway that carries urine from the bladder out of the body

Ureter

connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Kidneys

filter waste and excess water from the blood to produce urine

Malfunction

Uremia

a buildup of waste products in your blood that occurs as a result of untreated kidney failure

Bladder

muscular organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine

Malfunction

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

Technology

Using anti-biotics and pain-relief does help as it calms down the organ and reduces the inflammation.

Digestive

The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food into smaller molecules that the body can absorb and use for energy and growth.

Mouth

the entrance to the digestive system and plays a crucial role in breathing, speaking, and tasting

Esophagus

muscular tube that transports food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach

Stomach

It serves as a temporary storage for food, mixes it with digestive juices, and initiates the breakdown of food

Malfunction

GERD

Technology

typically treated with a combination of lifestyle changes, medications, and in some cases, surgery. Medications like antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors help reduce the stomach acid burn

a digestive disorder where stomach acid frequently flows back up into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms

Large Intestine

artly digested food moves through the cecum into the colon, where water and some nutrients and electrolytes are removed

Malfunction

Colon Cancer

Technology

treatment typically involves surgery to remove the cancerous part of the colon, and sometimes chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapy to further target and kill cancer cells

It usually starts as small, noncancerous growths called polyps that can develop into cancer over time

Small Intestine

responsible for digesting food and absorbing nutrients and water

Rectum

It serves as a temporary storage site for feces before they are eliminated from the body.

Endocrine

The endocrine system is a network of glands that regulate various bodily functions.

Endocrine

Structure

Glands

Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is the master gland that controls many other glands. It releases hormones that help with growth, stress, reproduction, and water balance in the body.

Thyroid Gland

The thyroid produces hormones that control how fast the body uses energy (metabolism). It affects body temperature, weight, heart rate, and how fast cells work.

Adrenal Glands

These sit above the kidneys and release hormones like adrenaline and cortisol. They help the body respond to stress, regulate blood pressure, and balance salt and water.

Parathyroid Glands

Located behind the thyroid, these glands control calcium levels in the blood. Calcium is important for strong bones, muscle movement, and nerve signals.

Pancreas

The pancreas helps digest food and controls blood sugar levels. It releases insulin to lower blood sugar and glucagon to raise it, keeping the body's energy balanced and steady.

Men

Testicles

The testicles are two organs in males that produce sperm and the hormone testosterone. Testosterone is responsible for the development of male characteristics, such as muscle growth and voice deepening, and also helps in sperm production.

Women

Ovaries

The ovaries are small organs in females that produce eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone. These hormones regulate the menstrual cycle and support pregnancy.

Malfunctions

Technology

Insulin Pumps

A small device that delivers insulin continuously through a tube and needle under the skin. It helps people with diabetes manage their blood sugar levels, providing more flexibility than injections.

Blood Tests

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Used to balance hormone levels in cases of hormone deficiencies like hypothyroidism or menopause.

Artificial Pancreas

Diabetes

Where the body has trouble controlling blood sugar levels. In Type 1 diabetes, the body can't produce insulin because the immune system attacks the pancreas. In Type 2 diabetes, the body doesn't use insulin properly or doesn't make enough. Both types can cause long-term health problems if not managed.

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid produces too much thyroid hormone, speeding up metabolism. This causes symptoms like weight loss, rapid heart rate, and anxiety. It can be caused by conditions like Graves' disease.

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid doesn't produce enough hormones, slowing down metabolism. This leads to symptoms like weight gain, fatigue, and cold intolerance. It’s often caused by autoimmune diseases like Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Addison’s Disease

The adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol, leading to fatigue, muscle weakness, and low blood pressure.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

A hormonal imbalance in women that causes irregular periods, cysts on the ovaries, and difficulty with fertility.

Lymphatic and immune

The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and cells that helps maintain balance and is a key part of the immune system.

Thymus

develops and maturation of T lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell essential for the body's immune system.

Lymphatic vessels

they transport lymph, which contains waste products, germs, and damaged cells

Lymph nodes

filter lymph fluid and contain immune cells that help the body fight infection and disease

Spleen

role in filtering blood, producing white blood cells, and storing blood cells.

Tonsils

help trap and destroy germs entering the body through the mouth or nose

Bone Marrow

White Blood Cells

responsible for protecting against infection and disease

responsible for producing blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Malfunction

Bone Marrow Failure

Technology

blood transfusions, medications, and stem cell transplants help replace the necessary needs

where the bone marrow can't produce enough blood cells, can be treated with a variety of methods

Lymph

Malfunctions

Lymphedema

condition causing swelling due to a buildup of lymph fluid in the tissues

Technology

Treatment aims to reduce swelling and manage symptoms, often involving therapies like compression garments, manual lymphatic drainage, and exercise

maintains fluid balance, transporting white blood cells, and aiding in the body's defense against infection and disease

The reproductive system is the biological system responsible for producing offspring. In humans, the female and male reproductive systems work together to produce offspring, with both systems contributing to the process of fertilization.

Reproductive

Structure

Male

Testicles

Oval organs that produce sperm and testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.

Scrotum

A skin-covered sac that holds and regulates the temperature of the testes.

Epididymis

A coiled tube on the back of each testis where sperm mature and are stored

Vas Deferens

Transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation

Seminal Vesicles & Prostate Gland

Produce fluids that nourish sperm and form semen

Urethra

A tube that carries semen and urine out of the body through the penis.

Penis

Delivers semen into the female reproductive tract during intercourse

Female

Ovaries

Small, oval-shaped glands that produce eggs (ova) and hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

Fallopian Tube

Thin tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus. They are the usual site for fertilization of the egg by sperm.

Uterus

A muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus.

Vagina

muscular canal that receives the penis during intercourse, allows menstrual flow, and serves as the birth canal.

Cervix

The narrow opening to the uterus; it dilates during childbirth

Endometrium

The lining of the uterus that thickens each month and sheds during menstruation if no pregnancy occurs.

Malfunctions

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Causes hormone imbalances, irregular periods, ovarian cysts, and fertility problems.

Endometriosis

Uterine lining grows outside the uterus, causing pain, inflammation, and infertility

Uterine Fibroids

Benign tumors that cause heavy bleeding, pain, and fertility issues

Blocked Fallopian Tubes

Prevent eggs from meeting sperm, leading to infertility

Ovarian Failure

Premature loss of normal ovarian function before age 40.

Technology

Ultrasound Scans

to detect cysts, fibroids, monitor pregnancy, and guide treatments

Laparoscopic Surgery

used to treat endometriosis, remove fibroids, or unblock fallopian tubes

Hormone Therapy

treats hormonal imbalances like PCOS or menopause symptoms.

Egg Freezing

preserves fertility for future pregnancy or before medical treatment

IVF (In Vitro Fertilization)

for infertility, blocked tubes, or unexplained fertility issues.