Macromolecules

Monosaccharides

Is the monomer of

Is if central importance to

Has the OH that reacts with the double bond to form

Undergoes

bings mono + mono = di by

Removing the H20

seprates di = mono + mono by

Returning the H20

Quickly absorbed by and used in respiration

Glucose

Is the min source of energy and provides immediate enrgy to the cell

Glactose

Frucotse

Disaccharides

madeup two monosaccharides

formed by a

with a

Examples

for

Lactose

into

by the lactase enzyme

has a alpha (1-4) linkage

Maltose

into

by the lactase maltase

has a beta ( 1-4) linkage

Sucrose

into

by the lactase sucrase

has an alpha(1-4) linakge

Polysaccharides

made up of many monosaccharides formed by a

with a

used for

the poly involves is

used in plants

provides a structural unit for plants

the poly involved is

used in plants

provides sugar for

is stored in

used in animals

used for short term

provides

In charge of

Digestion

Insulation

Fat soluble vitamins

Food Storage

Chemical Signalling

Structural Function

Consist of

Carbon

and hydrogen =

results in being

which means its

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Storage

in

are

Oils

are

Fats

Forms

Trigylceride

Most common form of lipids

Composed of a Glycerol + 3

Can result in situated health problems

are bonded by a

so it will have a straight chain

are solids at room temperature

are bonded by a

so it will have kinks

are liquids at room temperature

forms fats in

form together through an

the bond formed is an

is the monomer of lipids

Waxes

long -chain fatty acids that are linked to alchols or carbon rings

form molecules

that

helps pants conserve water and resist dsease

forms a water resistant coating on

leaves

fruits

stems

Steriods

contain

maintains fluidity in lipid bilayer

are incorperated into vitamins and bile

are part of sex hormones

have harmful

Acne

Bad breath

Kidney Disease

Phosphalipids

composed of a

and is attached to

2 non polar fatty acids (tail)

highly polar phophate group (head)

in H20 they two possible arrangments

Phospahlipid bilayer

Ring

Hydrogented fats

Do not exist in nature

processed naturally from fats and oils by convertingcis to trans form

Is done by bubbling hydrogen gas into oil at a high temperture

Trans Fats

Are creted through hydrogenation. This process helps the shelf life and taste of the product

After hydrogenation,, they are now partially hydrogenated

is

Joined by

Removes the H20

a covalent bond

100-200 make

change in

causes blood clots

change in shape

possible sickle cell anemia

response to physical and chemical

alter in PH levels

Temperature

meaning breaking down

Salt concentration

there are 20 different amino acids

Depicts its

which is

Transport Molecules

they facilitate diffusion

Storage

for energy

Enzymes

accelerate chemical reactions

Defense against foreign substances

immunoglobins

Movement

cells traveelling through the flagells or cillia

Hormones

some carry chemical signalling

Structural support

give it shape

A Hydrogen and R group

Amino Group

Carbxylic Acid

Central Carbon

Primary

are joined by a peptide bond

Secondary

polypeptide forms pleated sheet and are held by hydrgoen bonds

Tertiary

side chains form to make it 3D so ti determines a variety of R groups

Quatnary

take on a rounded shape and not all proteins have this structure

Monomer

consists of

A Phosphate group

Sugar w/ 5 carbons

Nitrogen containing bade

have single six-membered ring

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

have a six-membered ring jpined to a five membered ring

Adenine and Guanine

vs.

generally lack phosphate group

one or more phosphate groups covantly bonded to creates a

one of the 4 DNA bases covalently attached to a sugar

functions to

provide direction for own replication

Directs RNA synthesis (through RNA)

Has a role of protein expression, Inhertance, and Evolutions

3 H bonds for between Guanine and Cytosine

they are complementary strands

2 H bonds form between Adenine and Thymine

H bonds not covalent bonds because they need to be able to replicate itslef

Contains the nitrogen base Thymine

is made by copying DNA to make proteins

It is a single strand of nucleotides

Contains the nitrogen base uracil

ATP is used for energy in the cell

NAD and FAD are electron carriers