These recieve chemical signal
These Polymers are
are made by
One of the most well known fats
Example
Two types of nitrogenous bases
Example
storage form in
Ecample
Function
the second
contain the
example
Help Make up
Function
Example
Example
The structural backbone of lipids are derived from
their
Example
used for
main component in
a process where small sub units like
there are
Function
Example
Example
caused by
structural component of
Example
The 2 different arrangements of glucose is called
Example
form of
RNA polymer help
Function
Example
Used in
caused by
Held Together by e
Their state at room temp.
Example
Examples
created through
Example
amino acids are connected by
Example
Chains of nucleotides are called
Used in
which makes them
Contains Hydrophilic
Help make up
the third
come in 2 forms
Example
Primary Lipid in
Come together to make the different
Have similar
since they are very large molecules they
link together to form a larger molecule called
example
the other 9 are called
Have weaker
Example
Nitrogenous bases
due to many
Fat obtained from Plants
example
example
Are
Have stronger
2 types of Nucleic Acids
is a second messenger molecule used fo
form of
Some bilayers contain proteins and carbohydrates and they are best described as
Are polymers that are composed of monomers called:
have different
Found in
cellulose fibers are
In
Two Types
Fat obtained from animals
Used in
Monosaccharides are
example
is made up of
Their state at room temp.
These Polymers are
The Function
held together by
Example
an example is
Link up in chains to create a
Comes in 2 different forms
Example
2 types of Nucleic Acids
Just like monosaccharides they are
Example
Example
can be
Two Types
some nucleotides are
linked together by
Example
Come in 2 different forms
Example
the first and simplest type are
Can be arranged in a sphere called a
can be
the 2 strands run
In
Contains Hydrophobic
Example
Example
structural component of
is a
These Polymers are
folds to make
Two types of nitrogenous bases
the fourth
The building blocks in nucleic acids are
The
comes in 2 forms
linked together by

Proteins
Very Complex Moleculesundefined

Amino Acids
There are 20 amino acids.
Humans can make 11 out of 20
in our cellsundefinedundefined

Essential Amino Acids
We need to get these from
our dietundefinedundefined

Properties

Hydrophilic
Amino acids with Polar or Ionic Functional Groups.
Water "loving"

Intermolecular Forces of Attractions

Hydrophobic
Amino Acids with non-polar functional groups.
"fears" waterundefined

Chemical Structure

Amine

Carboxyl

Same 2 Functional Groups

R-Group
Represents 1 of the 20
different side chainsundefined

Polypeptide

Peptide Bond

Structures

a

Primary Structure
The linear structure of
amino acids.undefinedundefined

Secondary Structure
Small folded shapes within a
protein

Tertiary Structure
The overall 3-D shape of the proteinundefined

Quaternary Structure
The combination of more
than one protein with
tertiary structuresundefined

Hydrogen Bonding
between the peptide bonds in the
backboneundefined

Intermolecular Forces
Different IMF's between
side chains of amino acidsundefined

Types of proteins

Enzymes
Build and Break down Molecules
They are critical for growth, digestion,
and many other processes.undefined

Structural
Strengthen cells, tissues, organs

Signalling
Allow cells to communicate each other.
Signals, receptors, and relay proteins work
together to get information from outside to the inside of the cell

Regulatory
Bind DNA to turn genes
on and offundefined

Transport
Move molecules and nutrients
around the body and in and out of cellsundefined

Sensory
Helps us learn about our environment.
They help us detect light, sound, touch, smell, taste, pain and heat.

Motor
Keep cells moving and changing shape.
They also transport components around inside cells.undefinedundefined

Defense
Helps organisms fight infection, heal damaged tissue and evade predatorsundefined

Storage
Stores nutrients and energy rich nutrients
for later use

Lactase
helps infants digest lactoseundefined

Tublin
Forms hollow tubes that
support cell structure

Insulin
Released into the blood stream after a meal. It activates the insulin receptor, which signals muscle and fat cells to store blood sugarundefined

Hormones
Androgen and Estrogen
Control genes that trigger
the onset of puberty

Hemoglobin
In red blood cells pick up
oxygen from the lungs and
delivers it to all tissues in the bodyundefined

Opsins
In the eye detect light. They convert light
into electrical and chemical signals that
can be interpreted by the brain

Muscle Cells
To contact muscle cells, millions of
tiny myosin simultaneously slide chains
of actin proteinsundefined

Antibodies
Battle bacteria and viruses that makes us sickundefined

Gluten
Is a storage protein in the seeds of wheat,
barely, and rye. This food gives the seeding a fast start.undefined

Neurons
A specialized cell in the nervous
system that can send and receive
electrical signals.undefinedundefined

Neurotransmitters
A chemical substance produced by nerve cells that stimulate or inhabit other nerve cells.undefined

Receptors
A chemical substance produced by cells
that binds to another biological molecule

Macromolecules

Lipids
A non-polar compound that
is made mostly of Carbon and Hydrogenundefined

Amphipathic
A molecule with both polar
and non-polar functional groupsundefined

Fatty Acids
A molecule that consists of a
single hydrocarbon chain with a
functional carboxyl groupundefined

Fats
Is a Lipid that is made up of
fatty acids and glycerol

Saturated Fatty Acids
Has only single bonds between the Carbons

Triglyceride
3 fatty acid chains linked
to a glycerol moleculeundefinedundefined

Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Has Double bonds between the Carbonsundefined

Saturated Fats
Example: Butter and Lardundefined

Unsaturated Fats
Example: Olive Oil

Liquid
They have shorter fatty acid chainsundefined

Fatty Acid Tail
Faces inward away from waterundefined

Solid
Have longer and straight fatty acid chains
that can fold togetherundefined

Cell Membranes

Phospholipids
A lipid that consists of
2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
bound to a glycerol

Phospholipid Head
Faces Outward toward waterundefined

Long Term Energy Storage

Steriods
A lipid that is composed
of 4 Carbon rings

Function
Hormonal Signalling, cell response
to the environment and growthundefined

Waxes
A lipid that is formed when long
fatty acid chains bind to alcohols or carbon ringsundefined

Function
Water resistance and protection

Properties
Hydrophobic, extremely non-polar,
and soft solids over a large range of
temperaturesundefined

Function:
Cellular function and energy storage
Example:
Stearic Acid

Ester Linkage

Micelle

Phospholipid bilayers

Fluid Mosaic

Nucleic Acids
Serve as assembly instructions
for all proteins in living organismsundefinedundefined

DNA
Deoxyribose acidundefined

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes and in many viruses

Stores the hereditary information

Purines
Two-ringed organic structures
There are 2 basesundefined

Pyrimidines
Single Organic Rings
There are 3 basesundefined

Some Viruses

RNA
Ribonucleic Acidundefined

Hereditary Molecule

Nucleotides
Consists of a 5 Carbon sugar,
a nitrogenous base and 1-3 phosphate groupsundefined

Uracil (U)

Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C)

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

Polynucleotides

Phosphodiester Bond

Double Stranded Molecules

Antiparallel

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Energy Storage In a Cell

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Internal signalling in cells

Make proteins

Messenger RNA
is the copy of instructions from DNAundefined

Ribosomal RNA
part of the ribosome and important for
the reading the bond in mRNA in order to combine the correct amino acids to make a protein

Transfer RNA
moves amino acids to the ribosome
and binds to the mRNA, tRNAundefined

Cofactors in Reactions

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

Cellular Respiration

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)

Photosynthesis

Flaxin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Carbohydrates

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Intermolecular Forces of attraction (IMF)

Hydrogen Bonding

4 Main Types

Monosaccharides
Consists of 1 sugar Molecule
They are Building block

Combination
Their Ratio is
1C:2H:1C

Glucose

Alpha Glucose

Isomer
a molecule withe the same formula
but have a different arrangement of atoms

Beta Glucose

Glycosidic Bond

Fructose

Disaccharide
Made from 2 monosacharides

Sucrose
Glucose and fructose

Maltose
2 glucose moleculesundefined

Sugars
Which mean they have polar
functional groups attached to themundefined

Lactose
galactose and glucoseundefined

Galactose

Hydrophilic
Which means they are highly soluble in water

Hydrophilic and water soluble

Oligosaccharide
Made from 20 or less
monosaccharides

Polysaccharides
Many monosaccharides linked together

Polymerization

Monomers
a small molecule that can bind chemically to other moleculesundefined

Polymer
a large molecule made from
monomers linked togetherundefined

Starch

Cellulose

Plants

Glycogen

Plant Cell walls

Strong

Hydrogen Bonds

Do not dissolve in water

Energy Source
Building Blocks

Energy Source

Energy Storage
Structural Support
Cell-to-cell communication

Dextrose

Bacteria and Yeast

Deoxyribose

DNA

Branched

Unbranched

Energy Storage
in animals

Amylopectain

Plant Starch

Amylose

Energy Storage

Maltotriose
3 Glucose

Homopolysaccharides
contain only a single type of
monosaccharide

Heteropolysaccharides
contain 2 or more
monosaccharides

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Link of Structures

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Picture Example

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