Mind Map

Main topic

Chemistry

ions

Metals, multi-valent metals, non-metals

Ionic compounds

When a cation (metal) combines with an anion (non-metal)

Multivalent Ionic compounds

Ionic compounds with multivalent elements are almost the same as binary ionic compounds, except that the positive ion has more than one possible charge. These ions include copper, gold, iron, and lead. ... When naming ionic compounds with these multivalent elements, the name stays the same, except a Roman numeral is added.

Ionic compounds with a polytonic ion

Polyatomic ions are ions which consist of more than one atom. For example, nitrate ion

Molecular compounds

Made of a non-metal and a non-metal, covalent bonds are created because electrons are being sharedTo name a molecular compound, prefixes are used. ex. Mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, octa....

diatomic molecules

Chemical reactions

Law of conservation of mass

The law of conservation of mass states that mass in an isolated system is neither created nor destroyed by chemical reactions or physical transformations. According to the law of conservation of mass, the mass of the products in a chemical reaction must equal the mass of the reactants.

Balancing equations

Types of reactions

Synthesis

element+element→Compound

Decomposition

compound→element=element

Single Displacement

element+compound→new element+new compound

Double Displacement

compound+compound→new compound+new compound

Neutralization

Acid+Base→H2o+Co2

Combustion

Fuel+O2→H2O+Co2

Acids and Bases

PH scale and other indicators

Ph paperblue litmus red litmusbromothymol bluephenolphthalein universal indicator

Biology

Cells

Parts of a cell

Plant Vs Animal cells

plant cellsCell Membrane Cytoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Mitochondria Lysosomes Vacuoles Golgi Body NucleusAnimal cellscell membranenucleusnucleolusnuclear membranecytoplasmendoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusribosomesmitochondriacentriolescytoskeletonvacuolesvesicles.

The Cell cycle

InterphaseMitosisprophasemetaphaseanaphasetelophase 3.Cytokenisis

Defective cells

Mutations in the genes that control cell division can trigger an abnormal cell cycle → Cancer

Cell Specialization

Tissue

Plant Vs Animal tissue

Plant tissueEpidermal tissueGround tissueVascular tissuemeristematic tissueAnimal tissueEpithelial tissueConnective tissueMuscle tissueNervous tissue

Plant Organs

Roots

Leaves

The stem

The Flower

Plant organ systems

Roots

Shoots

Animal Organs

Human Organ Systems

Digestive system

Respiratory System

Immune system

COVID-19

Light and Optics

Light

Additive Colour theory

different percentages of the additive secondary colours of light are used to generate different colourswhite light is created when all the additive colours of light mixthe additive primary coloursRed,Green,Bluethe secondary colours producedcyan,magenta,yellow

Subtractive Colour theory

Electromagnetic spectrum

Radio waves

Microwaves

infrared light

Visible light

Ultraviolett light

X-rays

Gamma rays

Technology that produces light

Incandescence

Florescence

Phosphors

Discharge lamps

Light emitting diode (LED)

Chemiluminescence

Human vision

Mirror

Plane

Convex

the mirrors makes the reflected rays spread apart (diverge)

Concave

the mirror makes the reflected rays meet at one spot (converge)

Lenses

Convex

converging- refracts light to focal point

Concave

Diverging- refracts light so that it appears to come from a focal point

Refraction

The bending of light when it passes between one substance to another at an angel

Climate Change

Greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect is caused by the atmospheric accumulation of gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, which contain some of the heat emitted from Earth's surface.

Natural

Natural greenhouse gasses water vapour- water absorbs heat, then releases it-more water vapour= warmer temperaturesCarbon Dioxide- released naturally via the carbon cycle Methane- naturally produced by low O2 areas (swamplands)Nitrous oxide-Naturally produced via the nitrogen cycle

Antropogenic

Anthropogenic sources result from energy-related activities (e.g., combustion of fossil fuels in the electric utility and transportation sectors), agriculture, land-use change, waste management and treatment activities, and various industrial processes.

Sources Vs Sinks

sources-something that contains and releases said element/compound into the atmosphere ex. carbon source- vehicles, exhaling Sinks-something that takes in said element/compound from the atmosphere and stores it ex.Carbon sink- plants, water

Human causes

Humans are increasingly influencing the climate and the earth's temperature by burning fossil fuels, cutting down rainforests and farming livestock. This adds enormous amounts of greenhouse gases to those naturally occurring in the atmosphere, increasing the greenhouse effect and global warming.

Effects

Adaption and mitigation

Climate change mitigation means avoiding and reducing emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere to prevent the planet from warming to more extreme temperatures. Climate change adaptation means altering our behaviour, systems, and in some cases ways of life to protect our families, our economies, and the environment in which we live from the impacts of climate change.

Combustion

Photosynthetic cells take CO2 and H2O gathered by the organism from the environment and use the energy from sunlight to power the synthesis of glucose (C6H12O6)

Digestion in our body is an example of decomposition reactions. The starch decomposes in to sugar in the body and proteins get decomposed into smaller substances called amino acids.

The health effects of these disruptions include increased respiratory and cardiovascular disease, injuries and premature deaths related to extreme weather events, changes in the prevalence and geographical distribution of food- and water-borne illnesses and other infectious diseases,

The primary function of the respiratory system is to take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide making humans a carbon source

The Electromagnetic Spectrum. Infrared radiation (heat) and visible light are both types of electromagnetic radiation. The sun radiates a tremendous amount of energy, mostly in the form of visible light. That energy causes the earth to warm up, and the earth, in turn, radiates heat

Standard LED bulbs can be up to 80% more energy efficient than conventional bulbs, and waste far less energy than other styles of lighting. ... This means that LEDs require less power than regular forms of lighting, so obviously the less energy they require, the more positive the effect on the environment

Chemiluminescence is the emission of light, as the result of a chemical reaction.

Plants grab carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to use in photosynthesis; some of this carbon is transferred to soil as plants die and decompose. Making them a carbon sink

Back objects absorb more light than white objects do for example Asphalt absorbs 95% of incoming light, where snow reflects over 90% of light. The more sunlight a surface absorbs, the warmer it gets, and the more energy it re-radiates as heat. This re-radiated heat is then absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases and clouds, and warm the atmosphere through the greenhouse effect.

Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism. It is a form of chemiluminescence.Bioluminescence occurs through a chemical reaction that produces light energy within an organism's body. For a reaction to occur, a species must contain luciferin, a molecule that, when it reacts with oxygen, produces light

Gamma rays are mostly used in the radiotherapy to treat cancer. They can also be used to spot tumours. Gamma rays can kill living cells and damage malignant tumour.

The eye is made up of for types of tissue, Epithelial tissue,Connective tissue,Muscle tissue,Nervous tissue

A combustion dioxide creates carbon dioxide. a combustion reaction is used to burn hydrocarbons: gasoline in cars, natural gas for furnaces, lighting candles and matches