Psychoactive drugs

Methods of use:

Unscheduled

orally ingested in a from of: Beer, wine, liquor, Whiskey, Vodka, edibles, chocolate shots, coffee ect.

Depressant, or central depressant, drugs that lowers neuro-transmitters levels.

Laws:

It's legal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcohol in the US at age 21.

OR drinking age is 21. It's illegal to drive intoxicated or under any influence in all U.S states.-

Health effects: Alcoholism use disorders, dependence, and addiction.

Long term effects: Affects the brain anatomy and the
the gray matter, liver damage, memory loss, Hepatitis, stroke and cancers.

How it works:

Alcohol when ingested
orally affects every organ in
the body.

Short terms effects: Can cause alcohol tolerance, dependence and addiction.
Binge drinking that can have affects on health and accidents to self and others.
Withdral
Violence-including homicide suicide, sexual assault.
Alcohol poisoning, and risky behaviors, miscarriage, FADs.

Consequences/treatments:
Legal
Social
Financial

Oregon:
Oregon drinking age
21.

It's illegal to drive under
any intoxicant.

It's illegal to buy, sell alcohol
to minors.

History:

Alcohol has been
prohibited and policies
have change during 1920s.

Alcohol was invented in several
historical recording form era of
the Babylonia to the Egyptians.

Methods of Use:

Inhalation:
hand pipes
water pipes
rolling papers
hookahs
vaporization

Oral Delivery:
edibles
oils
tinctures

Topical delivery:
oils
lotions

Medical uses/ Recreational marijuana

Alzemer's disease
Apetite loss
Cancer
epilepsy
Gucoma
Mental health
Muscle spasm
nausea
pain

Long term effects:
Life satisfaction decreases
Financial difficulties
Poor school performances
decline IQ/ brain anatomy
Cannabis changes structure
of the brain, lowers the quality
of brain connections and there are
less synaptic connections in certain parts
of the brain.
*Affects, adolescents brains
and pregnant women.

Short term effects:
Hallucinations
paranoia
low reaction rate
increase heart rate
Sexual problems
stroke
anxiety

can lead to tolerance,
dependence
addiction

Laws: THC/ CBD

Federally Illegal-1970
Cannabis was added to the Federal
Controlled Substance Act as Schedule I
illegal narcotic and has been
ever since (DEA.GOV).

How it Works:

Marijuana

Cannabis-Marijuana
Can be a stimulant or
depressant. Tetrahydrocannabinol
THC-is one of the 113 cannabinoids

THC- is also psychoactive

Oregon

Marijuana is legal in
Oregon. The OLCC
regulates the permits
State laws has rules for
OR who consume cannabis.

As of July 1, 2015
Oregonians are allowed
to: use, and grow with it OR
laws and rules( OR. GOV).

Requirements are implemented
for recreational Marijuana.
Taxable- collected by the ODR.

Methods of use:

Caffeine is a Stimulant
Caffeine
Trimethylxanthine

Can be use in beverages,
pills, sports drinks, teas, sodas,
energy drinks, shampoo.

Caffeine is consume all over the world.
The US is the country with the highest
amounts of caffeine consumption 971 tons
followed by Brazil 969 tons.

Sources of Caffeine:

12 oz. Soda -30 to 40 mg of caffeine
16 oz. Tea- 60 to100 mg
1 oz. Dark chocolate 20mg.
16 oz. Coffee 150 to 200 mg
16 oz. Energy drink 40 to 250 mg.

History:

A man Kandi, would eat them in hot water.
The practice was spread to Egypt and other countries
by the 1400s.
Coffee houses started to apper in England by 1650 and
France 1671.
Coffee was expaned across the West by 1990s.
Commercial roasting started in 1790 in New York and went
world wide in 1696.
Dr. J.C. pemberton's green nerve tonic, was later turned into Coca-Cola in 1886. Atlanta, Georgia.

Short term effects:
Stimulates the nervous system, which
makes you feel awake.
Caffeine is diuretic, it allows your body to relrease salt throgh
urination.
Increases blood preassure
Can impede in Ca absortion.
Short term energy
Can cause headache
Crash episodes

Long term effects:
Can cause tolerance and withdrwal symptoms
May affect brain plasticity
Can help improve Alzeimer's disease
May affect younger the younger population due to the
caffeine.
May impact a pregnant women and lactation when breast feeding.
Can lead to tolerance and addiction

Regulations:
No one regulates caffeine
since it does not affect lifestyle in general.
Textbook-CH. 11
Exceptions : Caffeine is also used in energy drinks
pills and dietary supplements and can be dangerous if
they are abuse.
If caffeine is consume orally in large anounts, it can lead to heart attack. (CH. 9 pg. 258)
Caffeinism is the equivalent of drinking more than 100 cups of
Coffee and can lead to death.

Who consumes caffeine?
College students
High schools
Older population

Methods of use:

Smoke
Sniff
chew

Others ways
E- cigarettes
Vape pen

Consequences/Treatments:

Long term effects:

Increase risk of chronic lung disease
Increase risk for heart diseases
Increase risk of cancers
Damage to brain cells, that control attention, learning, mood and impulse control
Loss of teeth
Addiction
Death

Short term effects:

Stain teeth
Shortness of breath
higher resting heart rate
Reduce sense of smell
lung disease
Stain skin
Mood
tolerance, dependence and withdrawall symtoms if stop.

Consequences/ Treatments:

Addiction vs
tolerance

Consequences:

Solutions:
Preventions and education in health
Treatments

How it Works:

Tobacco is smoke
or vape and the chemical
produce an affect in the brain.
If consume often it makes individuals
crave like symptoms, and relaxes the
brain due to the stimulation of the adrenal
glands by releasing the hormone epinephrine
and increasing levels of chemical messeger
dopamine.

Nicotine is present in the
tobacco plant.

Who uses tabacco?
Adolescents, Adults and
Older poplulation.

Smoking is dangerous for
teenagers and there are controversies
with the tobacco industries because of
enviromental factors such as marketing
in media.

Culture of tobacco:

Media/ Advertising
Social/ Enviroment

Cause and effect:

Second hand smoke harms children, adults.
Pregnant women who smoke are at risk for
fetal nicotine disorder and miscarriage.

The World Health Organization does:
Tobacco free initiative
Tobacco product regulations

Tobacco Contro Act 2009.
FDA

Methods of use:
Highly addictive Stimulant
AKA: Blue, ice, crystal, easily dissolves
in water or alcohol.

Pill
Methamphetamine is swallowed
orally.
Powder methamphetamine is often
snorted or injected.
Crystal methamphetamine is smoked out
in pipes.

How It Works?

Neurologically, meth effects
brain microglia cells. The cells
support brain health by fighting
infectious agents and removing
damage neurons.
Meth alters the brain structures in the
decision- making and cause deficits in
the mental plasticity.
Brain damage, alterations, including neuro-
transmitters.

History

Made in Japan 1919.
Used in WWII to keep troops awake.
1950s prescribed as a diet and depression
reducer.
1960s classified as illegal federally.
Schedule II Drug
It may be prescribed for ADHD and narcolepsy.

Short Term Effects:
Anxiety
Confusion
Insomnia
Mood disturbances
Aggressive/Violent
Hyperthermia
Decreased fatigue/ Appetite
Brain plasticity change
Euphoria
Increased respirations
Irregular heart beats

Long Term Effects:
Tolerance, Addiction
Higher doses which can cause
overdose.
Hospitalization, and can lead to death.
Physical health and mental health.
Weight loss, memory loss, paranoia,
hallucinations, decline in mental plasticity.

Laws/ Oregon

Oregon:

Federally illegal in Oregon with some regulations
laws/policies in pharmaceutical use.
Schedule II stimulant.
Oregon opioid overdose has
dropped, meth usage has increased.
Oregon is 76% higher than others U.S.
states.
No medical treatment that works has been
aid, or made solutions to treat meth addiction
aids is just through detoxification
and withdrwal symptoms.

It cost U.S. billions of $$$
HIV/ AIDs correlation
Increase numbers of overdose
deaths.
Children are abuse and neglected:
physical and emotional abuse.
Increase in crimes, unemployment,
homelessness, divorce and negative
social issues.
Society/communities are
impact by methamphetamine
labs.

Methods of use:

How It Works:

It's tea properties
affect the brain and causes
hallucinations that range from 30
minutes to take effect once ingested.
After 30 minutes the brain affects the thinking
process and in research studies have shown that it
makes brain plasticity change. (nbci.nim.nih.gov)
Colombian and Dutch study.

Short Term Effects:

Increase heart rate/
high blood pressure.
Breathing rate
Body temperature
Euphoria
Tremors
Loss of appetite/dry mouth
Dizziness

Long term Effects:
Produces sub-acute and long
term improvements in affect
and cognitive thinking in non-pathological
users.
Use in treatment of mental disorders, such as
depression.

Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic
tea. Made from brewing certain
leaves that are native to the Amazon.
Aka as an illicit drug, ayahuasca is a mix
of leaves that are use in the Amazon by
native people in ceremonies.

USA

In the U.S. is now emerging as
a Native ceremony and is not as
popular as other drugs like alcohol,
or marijuana.

Methods of use:

Depressants:
Swallowed
Ingested

Inhalants
Sniffing
Huffing
Bagging

Depressants: Are pills
capsules, or liquid.

Inhalants: Are mostly used
sniffing, spraying directly into
the nose or mouth, bagging fumes
from the paper bag or inhaling from
balloons.

Social Impacts:
Increase deaths
Increase addiction
Decreased levels of functions
at work and school.
Impaired relationships with a close
environment.

Inhalants are not under the
Controlled Substances Act,
38 states have put restrictions on the
sale.

History of Depressants:

Pharmaceutical to help with sleep, anxiety,
seizures.
Depressants made their way to the black
market.

Inhalants:

In the early 1800s nitrious oxide, ether, and
chloroform were anesthetic used for intoxication.
1940's it became popular solvent.
1950's abuse of inhalant increased.
1960's the solvents became sniff, in a form of paint
nail polish, ect..

Classification:

Depressant - Drugs that slow
the central nervous system.

Inhalants - Volatile solvents, gases,
aerosols, and nitrites.

Oregon
On average 5 people die
every week from an opioids overdose.
Most are a combinations.
Oregon restricts the sale and distributions
to be used as inhalants>

Inhalants:

Paint
Gasoline
Degreaser
Glues
Spray
Gases
Nitrites

Depressants:

Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Ethanol
Opioids

How they work:

Depressants:
Inhibits the function of the
central nervous system.
Affecting neuro-transmitters
leading to drowsiness, relaxation
Have the potential to be addictive.
Lower levels of understanding.

Inhalants:

Inhalants change the path
the brain connects to other parts
of the body.
Can amplify blood vessels, and increases
heart rate.
Can be addictive.

Short term effects:
Slurred speech
Dizziness
Coordination imbalance
Hallucinations
Severe headache
Violence

Long term effects:
Fatigue
Disorientation
Depression
Death
Hearing loss
Bone marrow damage

Short term effects:
Poor coordination
Confusion
Dizziness
Dilated pupils
Slurred speech
fatigue

Long term effects:
Depression
Chronic fatigue
Sexual Problems
Sleep problems
Breathing difficulties

Methods of use:

Opiods can be: Schedule I/II Drugs

Oral administration
Pills, lozenges, lollipops

Intravenous:
Injection, IV

Opioids are used
to treat pain.

Short Term Effects:

Opioids are use to treat
pain, surgery and diseases
Relaxer of the body.
Drowsiness
Slowed breathing
Constipation
Unconsciousness
Nausea
Euphoria

Long Term Effects:

Gastrointestinal issues.
Respiratory issues.
Hypotension
Bradycardia
Heart attack, heart failture.
Central Nervous System Issues
Dizziness, sensitivity to pain
Tolerance, dependence, and addiction.
Decrease hormonal balance.
Suppresion of immune system.
Risk for bone fractures.

Concerns:

Short term:
Risk of overdoses
High effect
Easy to develop dependence
Can be abuse by user and can
increase risk factors for infectious
diseases

Long term:

Physicians error
Opioid addiction
Withdrawal symptoms
Bone damage, and brain damage
Health issues
Overdose death

Forms:

Natural:
Morphine
Codeine
Thebaine

Semi-Synthetic Opiates:
oxycodone
hydrocodone
hydromorphone
oxymorphone

Synthetic :

Methadone
Tramadol
Fentanyl

Derived from poppy
plants.

How it works:

Opioids attaches to
brain receptors on nerve
cells in the brain, spinal
cord, and intestinal tract.
The opioids then blocks the
signal for pain.

Opioids are also
prescribe by doctors
for pain, after surgery and
can be

History:

Opioids have been
redorded since the Mesopotamia
era all the way to the Chinese Emperor
era.
It was also used by soldiers during war in the
1900s. The drugs were used as painkillers
and to keep soldiers awake.
By the late 1900s is also made illegal and the
regulations are implemented due to medical abuse
and as of today we also faced the same issues with
opioids, due to factors like, prescription abuse and
how easy it is to become addicted to the drug, or
develop dependence due to the chemical structure.

Laws:

The FDA regulates
opioids in the pharmaceutical
market.

FDA requires safety labeling.

Oregon does not have specific
laws or regulations for medical
use of opioids.

OHA has guidelines for opioids
there are risk factors for opioids
medical prescription abuse,
dependence and addiction that can
lead to other drug disorders.

Methods of use:

Psychedelics are drugs
with hallucinogenic
properties.

How it Work:

Can be ingested orally
as tea, more uses depending
in the method.


In the brain it causes hallucinations
affecting the brain.

Common forms of
psychedelics:

LSD (acid)
Psilocin/ mushrooms
Mescaline (peyote)

LSD:
Effects take 20-90 min.
Increases blood pressure
Loss of appetite, sweating,
dry mouth.
Fatigue/tremors
Bipolar thoughts

Psilocybin
Relaxation
Nervousness paranoia, panic

Long terms

Psychosis, bipolar disorders,
paranoia, memory loss

Schedule I Drug

Psychedelics have been the
oldest class of psychopharmacological
agents known to man.
Many ancient tribes, used them as part of
ceremonies.
1799, was documented psychedelic mushroom
experience by a scholarly article by Dr. Everand
Brande.
1895, first scientific trial of peyote.
1930, many states outlaw peyote.
1931, DMT was synthesized by Richard Manske.
1943, Dr. Albert Hoffmann LSD-25 occurance.

1950, psychedelic were used widely
to research mental health and also used
for mental health treatment.
1960, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals began producing
psilocybin pill called Indocybin.
1962, Congress passed new drugs and safety
regulations and FDA designated LSD as a
experimental drug and restricted research.
1966, LSD became illegal.
1970, the LSD, psilocybin, psilocin, mescaline, cannabis,
MDA, DMT became a Schedule I Drug.
1977, MDMA appear on streets and then in 1985 it became
a Schedule I Drug.
1995, most potent Psilocybe mushroom discovered in Astoria,
OR.

Today psychedelics are
also used in raves, as a form
of ecstasy.

History

Albert Hofmann
isolated and
develop a synthesis
technique for psilocybin
in 1956.
In the 60's it became
a movement used
recreationally and for
spiritual traditions.

1968 possession
became illegal.

Oregon:

Laws:

Psilocybin and psilocin (active chemical
in mushrooms).
a Schedule I drug. High for
potential abuse.
Illegal in all 50 states.
Legal in Brazil, Bulgaria, Jamaica
Netherlands, and Samoa.
Is used for scientific research
under DEA regulations rules.

Oregon:

Psilocybin Service Initiative, Petition #3
gathers signatures to be on ballot
2020. To legalized the manufacture,
delivery, and administration of psilobybin.

Oregon:

The National Survey on
Drug Use and Health, in
2010, and 2011, 6.4%
of Oregon population
used opioids for non-
medical use. (Ages 12 >)

When age is restricted to
18, to 25 years old the
percentage rises to 15%.

High levels of opioids use
increases chances of overdose
deaths, incarcerations.

In 2011 in Oregon, there were
4-5 deaths per 100,000
people.